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DrAttack: Prompt Decomposition and Reconstruction Makes Powerful LLM Jailbreakers

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arxiv 2402.16914 v3 pith:GRTQLQQ6 submitted 2024-02-25 cs.CR cs.AIcs.CL

classification cs.CRcs.AIcs.CL
keywords llmsdrattacksub-promptspromptintentmalicioustextbfdecomposition
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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The safety alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) is vulnerable to both manual and automated jailbreak attacks, which adversarially trigger LLMs to output harmful content. However, current methods for jailbreaking LLMs, which nest entire harmful prompts, are not effective at concealing malicious intent and can be easily identified and rejected by well-aligned LLMs. This paper discovers that decomposing a malicious prompt into separated sub-prompts can effectively obscure its underlying malicious intent by presenting it in a fragmented, less detectable form, thereby addressing these limitations. We introduce an automatic prompt \textbf{D}ecomposition and \textbf{R}econstruction framework for jailbreak \textbf{Attack} (DrAttack). DrAttack includes three key components: (a) `Decomposition' of the original prompt into sub-prompts, (b) `Reconstruction' of these sub-prompts implicitly by in-context learning with semantically similar but harmless reassembling demo, and (c) a `Synonym Search' of sub-prompts, aiming to find sub-prompts' synonyms that maintain the original intent while jailbreaking LLMs. An extensive empirical study across multiple open-source and closed-source LLMs demonstrates that, with a significantly reduced number of queries, DrAttack obtains a substantial gain of success rate over prior SOTA prompt-only attackers. Notably, the success rate of 78.0\% on GPT-4 with merely 15 queries surpassed previous art by 33.1\%. The project is available at https://github.com/xirui-li/DrAttack.

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Forward citations

Cited by 11 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. When Local Monitors Miss Compositional Harm: Diagnosing Distributed Backdoors in Multi-Agent Systems

    cs.CR 2026-07 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

    Once attack fragments are locally benign and ε-indistinguishable from benign traffic, no local monitor can separate them (TPR−FPR≤ε); the signal reappears only in the right assembled representation.

  2. AMT-X: Phase-Structured Multi-Turn Red-Teaming with Checklist-Gated Evaluation

    cs.CR 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A phase-structured multi-turn red-team framework reports 97.6–100% lenient ASR but only 66.7–78.6% full actionable ASR on six frontier LLMs, with success strongly depth-dependent.

  3. SoK: Systematizing LLM Prompt Security: Taxonomies, Datasets, and Unified Evaluation of Attacks and Defenses

    cs.CR 2025-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A systemization of LLM jailbreak security that adds linked taxonomies, an evaluation platform, and JailbreakDB, while its main attack–defense comparison results remain deferred.

  4. ASTRA: Autonomous Spatial-Temporal Red-teaming for AI Software Assistants

    cs.CR 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    ASTRA is an automated red-teaming agent that uses knowledge-graph-guided spatial and temporal probing to find 11-66% more safety violations in AI coding assistants than existing tools.

  5. Reason Before You Retrieve: Agentic Planning for Multi-modal RAG

    cs.AI 2026-06 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    MM-R2 claims SOTA multimodal RAG accuracy on InfoSeek and Encyclopedic VQA via intent grounding plus a 10-topic KnowledgeMap, but its teacher trajectories leak the gold Wikipedia page and omit the image.

  6. Layer-Wise Perturbations via Sparse Autoencoders for Adversarial Text Generation

    cs.CL 2025-08 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    Sparse autoencoder activation perturbation (SFPF) applied on top of existing jailbreak prompts raises attack success rate on Qwen3-32B, but with no defense evaluation and weak reproducibility.

  7. Towards terahertz nanomechanics

    physics.app-ph 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Suspended Lamb-wave resonators in lithium niobate films thinned from 300 nm to 67 nm reach 220 GHz, doubling the prior record.

  8. Beyond Surface-Level Detection: Towards Cognitive-Driven Defense Against Jailbreak Attacks via Meta-Operations Reasoning

    cs.AI 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    A jailbreak defense that reasons about hidden manipulations in attack prompts, trained with supervised fine-tuning plus entropy-guided reinforcement learning, generalizes to attacks never seen in training.

  9. InfoFlood: Jailbreaking Large Language Models with Information Overload

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    InfoFlood claims near-perfect jailbreak success on four frontier LLMs by rewriting harmful queries into verbose academic prose with fake citations, past-tense framing, and ethical disclaimers, without adversarial suffixes.

  10. One Model Transfer to All: On Robust Jailbreak Prompts Generation against LLMs

    cs.CR 2025-05 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    ArrAttack fine-tunes a judge on the SmoothLLM defense, uses it to filter rewriting-attack data, and trains a generator that produces jailbreak prompts transferring across defenses.

  11. From Hallucinations to Jailbreaks: Rethinking the Vulnerability of Large Foundation Models

    cs.CV 2025-05 reject novelty 3.0 of 10

    The paper argues hallucinations and jailbreaks share the same optimization dynamics and shows that defenses for one also reduce the other, but the theoretical support is largely circular.

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