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Super-Earths and Earth-like Exoplanets
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abstract
In the last few years astronomical surveys have expanded the reach of planetary science into the realm of small and dense extrasolar worlds. These share a number of characteristics with the terrestrial and icy planetary objects of the Solar System, but keep stretching previous understanding of the known limits of planetary thermodynamics, material properties, and climate regimes. Improved compositional and thermal constraints on exoplanets below $\sim$2 Earth radii suggest efficient accretion of atmosphere-forming volatile elements in a fraction of planetary systems, pointing to rapid formation, planet-scale melting, and chemical equilibration between the core, mantle, and atmosphere of rocky and volatile-rich exoplanets. Meaningful interpretation of novel observational data from these worlds necessitates cross-disciplinary expansion of known material properties under extreme thermodynamic, non-solar conditions, and accounting for dynamic feedbacks between interior and atmospheric processes. Exploration of the atmosphere and surface composition of individual, short-period super-Earths in the next few years will enable key inferences on magma ocean dynamics, the redox state of rocky planetary mantles, and mixing between volatile and refractory phases in planetary regimes that are absent from the present-day Solar System, and reminiscent of the conditions of the prebiotic Earth. The atmospheric characterization of climate diversity and the statistical search for biosignatures on terrestrial exoplanets on temperate orbits will require space-based direct imaging surveys, capable of resolving emission features of major and trace gases in both shortwave and mid-infrared wavelengths.
Forward citations
Cited by 8 Pith papers
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A New Spectral Library for Modeling the Surfaces of Hot, Rocky Exoplanets
A new 11-sample, three-texture rock spectral library with high-temperature emissivity data shows that albedo is a degenerate surface proxy and identifies JWST-detectable mid-infrared features for hot rocky exoplanets.
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The Influence of Dust Composition on Accretion Outbursts
Using 1D simulations with dust evaporation and condensation, the paper shows that dead-zone accretion outbursts vaporize dust out to about 0.5 au and that higher dust sublimation temperatures produce stronger but less...
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Sulfur photochemistry observationally traces mantle redox states of rocky planets
Photochemical SO2 in rocky exoplanet atmospheres produces JWST-detectable absorption features at 4 and 7–9 μm that trace the mantle's oxidation state, linking observed spectra to planetary interiors.
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AGNI: A radiative-convective model for lava planet atmospheres
AGNI is an open-source, energy-conserving radiative-convective model for lava planet atmospheres, built for coupling with interior evolution simulations.
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Characterizing the oxidation state of rocky exoplanets with the Large Interferometer for Exoplanets (LIFE)
LIFE baseline mid-IR observations of Earth-sized planets at 10 pc can retrieve CO2, CH4, and NH3 well enough to distinguish mantle redox states from IW-6 to IW+6 under the paper's modeling assumptions.
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SCoRE: the Surface Composition of Rocky Exoplanets
In over 150,000 equilibrium crust-atmosphere models, the thermal stability of 23 minerals is tied to atmospheric type, independent of the six tested refractory-element abundance sets.
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Is the composition of the Solar atmosphere unusual, and if so, why? Possible interpretations
A review of the 10-20% solar volatile-to-refractory excess relative to solar twins, weighing galactic, protoplanetary, and planetary-ingestion explanations and finding no decisive answer.
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A first look at rocky exoplanets with JWST
This review of JWST rocky exoplanet observations finds no confirmed atmospheres and sets a five scale height precision target for future transmission spectroscopy.
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