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Eagle: Exploring The Design Space for Multimodal LLMs with Mixture of Encoders

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arxiv 2408.15998 v2 pith:KBR4GOJO submitted 2024-08-28 cs.CV cs.AIcs.LGcs.RO

classification cs.CVcs.AIcs.LGcs.RO
keywords encodersmllmsvisiondesignmixturevisualcomplexeagle
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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The ability to accurately interpret complex visual information is a crucial topic of multimodal large language models (MLLMs). Recent work indicates that enhanced visual perception significantly reduces hallucinations and improves performance on resolution-sensitive tasks, such as optical character recognition and document analysis. A number of recent MLLMs achieve this goal using a mixture of vision encoders. Despite their success, there is a lack of systematic comparisons and detailed ablation studies addressing critical aspects, such as expert selection and the integration of multiple vision experts. This study provides an extensive exploration of the design space for MLLMs using a mixture of vision encoders and resolutions. Our findings reveal several underlying principles common to various existing strategies, leading to a streamlined yet effective design approach. We discover that simply concatenating visual tokens from a set of complementary vision encoders is as effective as more complex mixing architectures or strategies. We additionally introduce Pre-Alignment to bridge the gap between vision-focused encoders and language tokens, enhancing model coherence. The resulting family of MLLMs, Eagle, surpasses other leading open-source models on major MLLM benchmarks.

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Cited by 14 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. An Exam for Active Observers

    cs.CV 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    On a new 17-task benchmark of active visual observation, the best frontier multimodal model solves 10.6% of items and humans solve 96.1%.

  2. LLaVA-SP: Enhancing Visual Representation with Visual Spatial Tokens for MLLMs

    cs.CV 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    LLaVA-SP adds six spatial tokens produced by multi-scale cropping or pooling and cross-attention to MLLMs, improving 10/11 benchmarks over LLaVA-1.5 with nearly unchanged latency.

  3. GenRecal: Generation after Recalibration from Large to Small Vision-Language Models

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A learnable Recalibrator bridges different tokenizers so that small VLMs can distill knowledge from any large VLM, improving their benchmark scores.

  4. Hidden in plain sight: VLMs overlook their visual representations

    cs.CV 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    VLMs perform far worse than their own visual encoders on vision-centric tasks because the language model fails to use accessible visual information and instead follows its language priors.

  5. Kernel-based Unsupervised Embedding Alignment for Enhanced Visual Representation in Vision-language Models

    cs.CV 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Fine-tuning CLIP's visual encoder to match DINOv2's kernel-based similarity structure improves its fine-grained visual perception while preserving its alignment to text.

  6. Fighting Fire with Fire (F3): A Training-free and Efficient Visual Adversarial Example Purification Method in LVLMs

    cs.CV 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    F3 adds attention-guided noise to adversarial images so that large vision-language models produce answers that are much closer to their clean-image answers.

  7. AutoJudger: An Agent-Driven Framework for Efficient Benchmarking of MLLMs

    cs.CL 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    An agent-driven framework adaptively selects a small subset of benchmark questions for MLLMs, preserving over 90% ranking accuracy with roughly 4-5% of the data.

  8. AIDE: Agentically Improve Visual Language Model with Domain Experts

    cs.CV 2025-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    AIDE, a four-stage agentic pipeline, uses the VLM itself to select and enrich training examples with expert tool outputs, yielding modest single-digit benchmark gains on Eagle-8B.

  9. MagicVL-2B: Empowering Vision-Language Models on Mobile Devices with Lightweight Visual Encoders via Curriculum Learning

    cs.CV 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    MagicVL-2B is a 2B vision-language model for mobile phones that claims state-of-the-art-matching accuracy at 41.1% lower on-device power, via a lightweight encoder, dynamic resolution, and curriculum learning.

  10. Docopilot: Improving Multimodal Models for Document-Level Understanding

    cs.CV 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A new academic-paper dataset and a retrieval-free fine-tuned InternVL2 model improve multi-page document QA accuracy and latency on several benchmarks.

  11. FaceLLM: A Multimodal Large Language Model for Face Understanding

    cs.CV 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Fine-tuning InternVL3 on ChatGPT-generated face QA pairs yields a face-specialized MLLM with the highest reported accuracy among MLLMs on FaceXBench.

  12. Manager: Aggregating Insights from Unimodal Experts in Two-Tower VLMs and MLLMs

    cs.CV 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Manager aggregates multi-layer unimodal representations and improves both two-tower VLMs (ManagerTower) and MLLMs (LLaVA-OV-Manager) on 24 downstream tasks.

  13. Mixpert: Mitigating Multimodal Learning Conflicts with Efficient Mixture-of-Vision-Experts

    cs.CV 2025-05 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Splitting the vision encoder of an MLLM into domain-specific experts with a lightweight router yields small benchmark improvements at near-zero extra inference cost.

  14. Causal-LLaVA: Causal Disentanglement for Mitigating Hallucination in Multimodal Large Language Models

    cs.AI 2025-05 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    A causal intervention architecture with confounder dictionaries is applied to LLaVA, producing modest hallucination reductions on POPE and CHAIR but with methodological caveats.

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