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StepTool: Enhancing Multi-Step Tool Usage in LLMs via Step-Grained Reinforcement Learning

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arxiv 2410.07745 v4 pith:ACBHUCGX submitted 2024-10-10 cs.CL

StepTool: Enhancing Multi-Step Tool Usage in LLMs via Step-Grained Reinforcement Learning

classification cs.CL
keywords toolsteptoollearningllmsmulti-stepstep-grainedacrosscapabilities
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Despite their powerful text generation capabilities, large language models (LLMs) still struggle to effectively utilize external tools to solve complex tasks, a challenge known as tool learning. Existing methods primarily rely on supervised fine-tuning, treating tool learning as a text generation problem while overlooking the decision-making complexities inherent in multi-step contexts. In this work, we propose modeling tool learning as a dynamic decision-making process and introduce StepTool, a novel step-grained reinforcement learning framework that enhances LLMs' capabilities in multi-step tool use. StepTool comprises two key components: Step-grained Reward Shaping, which assigns rewards to each tool interaction based on its invocation success and contribution to task completion; and Step-grained Optimization, which applies policy gradient methods to optimize the model across multiple decision steps. Extensive experiments across diverse benchmarks show that StepTool consistently outperforms both SFT-based and RL-based baselines in terms of task Pass Rate and Recall of relevant tools. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that StepTool helps models discover new tool-use strategies rather than merely re-weighting prior knowledge. These results highlight the importance of fine-grained decision modeling in tool learning and establish StepTool as a general and robust solution for enhancing multi-step tool use in LLMs. Code and data are available at https://github.com/yuyq18/StepTool.

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Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Knowing When to Ask: Segment-Level Credit Assignment for LLM Tool Use

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    CARL trains a critic for segment-level credit assignment from binary outcomes in LLM tool-use trajectories, yielding 6.7-9.7 point accuracy gains and 53% fewer calls on solvable questions across five benchmarks.

  2. RLVP: Penalize the Path, Reward the Outcome

    cs.LG 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0

    Pairing outcome rewards with verifiable per-action path penalties reduces constraint violations nearly sixfold at equal task success, while a progress potential accelerates learning only where partial progress is reachable.

  3. Synthesize and Reward -- Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Step Tool Use in Live Environments

    cs.CL 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    PROVE trains LLMs on multi-step tool calls using 20 live MCP servers with 343 tools, state-grounded synthesis, and adaptive efficiency rewards, delivering gains of up to 10.2 points on BFCL Multi-Turn and similar on o...

  4. ToolRL: Reward is All Tool Learning Needs

    cs.LG 2025-04 conditional novelty 6.0

    A principled reward design for tool selection and application in RL-trained LLMs delivers 17% gains over base models and 15% over SFT across benchmarks.

  5. Sakana Fugu Technical Report

    cs.LG 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    Sakana Fugu trains LLM orchestrators using fine-tuning, evolutionary algorithms, and RL to build query-adaptive multi-agent scaffolds, claiming SOTA results on benchmarks including SWE-Bench Pro and GPQA-Diamond.

  6. Feedback-Driven Tool-Use Improvements in Large Language Models via Automated Build Environments

    cs.CL 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    An automated environment construction pipeline plus verifiable rewards enables RL training that improves LLM tool-use performance across scales without harming general capabilities.