Pith. sign in

REVIEW 5 major objections 7 minor 70 references

Wavelet analysis of possible association between sunspot number and rainfall over Kerala, India: A case study

T0 review · 5 major / 7 minor · reviewed 2026-08-12 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read The paper claims that across 122 years of Kerala rainfall, the phase of the solar cycle (plus its even/odd magnetic-polarity alternation) is associated with which seasons produce excess rain, with the descending phase tied to…

desk verdict The paper's own binomial p-values (0.71–0.93) disprove its phase claims, and the flawed deficit-year rule and overlapping phase thresholds make the central result untestable. read the letter →

arxiv 2411.09234 v1 pith:6ZJ2NAHQ submitted 2024-11-14 physics.space-ph physics.ao-phphysics.data-anstat.AP

Elizabeth Thomas , S. Vineeth , Noble P. Abraham This is my paper · ORCID
classification physics.space-phphysics.ao-phphysics.data-anstat.AP
keywords sunspotnumbersolarcyclephasesKeralarainfallextremeprecipitationcross-wavelettransformwaveletcoherenceeven/oddcyclessolar-terrestrialclimatelink
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper tries to establish that the solar activity cycle leaves a seasonally structured imprint on extreme rainfall over Kerala, India. Using 122 years of sunspot numbers and gridded rainfall, it reports statistically significant rank correlations between 31-year averaged sunspot number and rainfall that switch sign by season, and wavelet analyses showing shared power at 8–12 year and shorter periods. It then classifies each year into solar-cycle phases and finds that excess rainfall in winter and pre-monsoon seasons falls preferentially in the descending phase and in even cycles, while monsoon and post-monsoon excess rainfall falls preferentially in the ascending phase and in odd cycles. If the association is real, the timing of Kerala's extreme rain events carries a solar-activity component that could be anticipated from the phase of the sunspot cycle.

What carries the argument

The analysis is carried by four objects: the sunspot number time series, seasonally averaged; the Kerala rainfall series split into winter (January–February), pre-monsoon (March–May), monsoon (June–September), and post-monsoon (October–December); a threshold rule that assigns each year to a solar-cycle phase based on the cycle's peak sunspot number (below 0.122 of the peak is minimum, above 0.73 is maximum, with the remaining years assigned to increasing and decreasing phases); and a definition of extreme years as those whose seasonal rainfall lies at least one standard deviation above (excess) or below (deficit) the seasonal mean. The time-frequency machinery is a cross-wavelet transform and wavelet coherence built on a complex wavelet with balanced time–frequency localization, applied to 31-year moving averages, which is what produces the significant 8–12 year common-power and 2–4 and 4–8 year coherence bands.

What would settle it

Re-derive the phase assignments for Solar Cycles 14–24 using a non-overlapping rule (for example, assign the maximum phase first whenever the sunspot number exceeds 0.73 times the cycle maximum, and assign every other year to ascending or descending relative to the cycle minimum), then re-count excess and deficit years per season and per even/odd cycle parity; if the reported pattern — 10 of 16 winter excess years and 8 of 12 pre-monsoon excess years in the descending phase, and a monsoon/post-monsoon lean toward the ascending phase — does not survive this unambiguous reclassification, the central claim fails.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that seasonal rainfall over Kerala is related to solar activity in a way that is not just a single correlation: the sign of the relationship flips across the year, and the phase of the sunspot cycle selects which season sees excess rain. The authors report significant negative rank correlations between 31-year averaged sunspot number and rainfall in winter and post-monsoon, and positive correlations in pre-monsoon and monsoon. Cross-wavelet analysis shows significant common power at the 8–12 year scale in all seasons, and wavelet coherence shows significant local correlation at 2–4 and 4–8 year scales in all four seasons; longer-period coherence appears in monsoon and post-monsoon. Sorting extreme rainfall years by solar phase, they find 10 of 16 winter excess years and 8 of 12 pre-monsoon excess years occurring during the descending phase, while excess years in monsoon and post-monsoon lean toward the ascending phase. Grouping by cycle parity, extreme events are more frequent in even cycles for winter and pre-monsoon and in odd cycles for monsoon and post-monsoon, which the paper presents as a new result tied to the opposite magnetic polarity of sunspots in alternating cycles.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that the phase-classification thresholds of 0.122 and 0.73 of each cycle's peak sunspot number remain valid when applied to seasonally averaged sunspot numbers, and that the overlapping inequalities can be disambiguated so every year falls in exactly one phase.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If the association holds, Kerala's seasonal extreme-rainfall risk is partially set by where the sunspot cycle stands, giving a long-lead indicator for winter/pre-monsoon versus monsoon/post-monsoon extremes.
  • The descending phase becomes a risk window for excess rain in winter and pre-monsoon, while the ascending phase is a risk window for monsoon and post-monsoon excess rain.
  • The even/odd cycle asymmetry implies a 22-year magnetic-polarity (Hale-cycle-like) component in seasonal rainfall extremes, so extremes in a given season may alternate in frequency from one 11-year cycle to the next.
  • The significant 8–12 year cross-power across all seasons supports a solar-cycle-scale coupling that is seasonally modulated rather than a single all-year response.
  • The pattern could be folded into seasonal forecasting practice for Kerala, supplementing internal climate drivers such as the monsoon system.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The data stop at Solar Cycle 24 (2022); a clean out-of-sample test would be to predict, from the ascending phase of Cycle 25, that monsoon and post-monsoon excess rain should be more frequent in the coming years and then check the observed extremes.
  • The reported correlations and coherence bands do not by themselves identify a mechanism; a testable extension is to run a climate model with and without solar-cycle forcing to see whether the same season-dependent sign flips and phase selection emerge.
  • Because the even/odd asymmetry is presented as tied to sunspot magnetic polarity, a natural extension is to see whether the same seasonal asymmetry appears in other monsoon regions or in long Indian rainfall subdivisions.
  • The overlapping phase thresholds could slightly mislabel years; re-deriving the counts under an unambiguous phase rule would show whether the central pattern is robust to that choice.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

5 major / 7 minor

Summary. The paper investigates a possible relationship between sunspot number and seasonal rainfall over Kerala, India, using 122 years (1901–2022) of data. It applies Spearman correlation, cross-wavelet transform (XWT), and wavelet coherence (WTC) to seasonally averaged sunspot number and rainfall, and classifies the phases of Solar Cycles 14–24 using thresholds from Sawadogo et al. (2023). The central claims are that the descending phase influenced excess rainfall in winter and pre-monsoon seasons, that the ascending phase influenced monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, and that even solar cycles had more extreme rainfall in winter and pre-monsoon while odd cycles had more in monsoon and post-monsoon. These claims are based on counts of excess and deficit rainfall years per phase, with significance assessed by simple binomial probabilities.

Significance. If the phase–season and even/odd cycle claims were well supported, this would be a notable regional contribution to the sun–climate literature, with potential implications for seasonal predictability of extreme rainfall over Kerala. The paper has strengths: it uses a long homogeneous rainfall dataset, a widely used solar index, and standard wavelet tools, and it reports the binomial probabilities explicitly rather than hiding them. However, the central claims are not supported by the paper's own statistics. The reported binomial probabilities are all consistent with a 50/50 null hypothesis, the even/odd asymmetry is tested with no statistical procedure at all, and the printed deficit-year definition is internally inconsistent. As a result, the paper's main conclusions do not follow from its analysis as written.

major comments (5)
  1. [Section 3.4, Eqs. (1)–(2); Sections 3.5–3.7] The paper's own binomial probabilities are 0.895 for JF excess years in the descending phase, 0.927 for MAM excess years in the descending phase, 0.709 for JJAS excess years in the ascending phase, and 0.725 for OND excess years in the ascending phase; the text explicitly labels these values as 'not unusual' and 'not uncommon.' Under the stated 5/10 null hypothesis, these probabilities provide no evidence that extreme rainfall years occur preferentially in one solar phase. Yet the abstract and Section 4 conclude that the descending phase 'had an impact' and the ascending phase 'notably affected' extreme rainfall. This is an internal contradiction between the paper's own statistical assessment and its central claim.
  2. [Section 2.2] The deficit-year definition is printed as Ri ≤ (μ + σ), which labels high-rainfall years as deficit; the intended rule for a deficit year should be Ri ≤ (μ − σ). Because the deficit-year lists in Sections 3.4–3.7 are generated from this rule, the phase counts and the even/odd asymmetry involving deficit years are not reliable as printed. This is a load-bearing error, not a typo in isolation, since the deficit lists are part of the evidence for the phase and polarity claims.
  3. [Section 2.2] The phase classification inequalities do not partition the solar cycle. The increasing phase is defined as 0.122 × SNmax ≤ SN(t), which includes the maximum phase (SN(t) > 0.73 × SNmax); the maximum phase is therefore also an increasing phase. The decreasing phase is defined as 0.73 × SNmax ≥ SN(t) > SNmin(next cycle), which overlaps with both the minimum phase (SN(t) < 0.122 × SNmax) and the increasing phase. No rule is given for assigning a year to exactly one phase when multiple inequalities are satisfied. Since all phase–season counts depend on this assignment, the ambiguity is central to the paper's claims.
  4. [Sections 3.4–3.7 and Section 4] The even/odd cycle asymmetry is asserted without any statistical test. The paper states that even cycles have more extreme rainfall occurrences in JF and MAM and that odd cycles have more in JJAS and OND, but it reports no contingency table, chi-square statistic, Fisher exact test, or any other quantification. Given the small counts and the multiple seasons examined, the apparent asymmetry may be entirely consistent with chance; a formal test is required before this claim can be accepted.
  5. [Sections 3.1–3.2] The Spearman correlations and the wavelet analyses are computed on 31-year moving averages. Moving-average smoothing induces strong autocorrelation in the series, so the effective sample size is far smaller than the nominal 122 years, and the reported significance levels (for correlations of −0.37, −0.27, 0.15, and 0.31) are not valid as computed. The XWT and WTC are also applied to the smoothed series, which reduces the effective degrees of freedom for the significance contours. This affects the correlation and wavelet claims reported in the abstract and conclusions.
minor comments (7)
  1. [Section 3.1 and Abstract] The abstract says all correlations were statistically significant, but Section 3.1 describes the JJAS correlation (0.15) as weak and does not claim significance for it.
  2. [Sections 3.4–3.5] The text uses 'old cycles' where 'odd cycles' is meant; this appears in the JF and MAM season discussions.
  3. [Section 3.7, final paragraph] The abbreviation 'TSA' is used for total solar irradiance; the standard abbreviation is TSI.
  4. [Figure captions 5–8] The captions say 'Solar cycles 11-24', but the text and tables cover Solar Cycles 14–24.
  5. [References] The reference 'Barde et al. ()' is missing a year and complete bibliographic details, and the DOI in the paper header is a placeholder.
  6. [Abstract and Section 4] The claim that these findings are 'presented for the first time' is overstated, because the wavelet results in Section 3.2 largely reproduce earlier work by the same group (Thomas and Abraham 2022b; Thomas et al. 2023) cited in the paper itself.
  7. [Section 2.2] The notation 'Ri ≤ (µ + σ), where Ri is the rainfall of that year, i, k ∈ R' is unclear; the role of k is not explained before the sentence 'In this study, k is defined as one.'

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: the phase-season and even/odd analyses are independent empirical contingency counts; the wavelet and correlation results are computed directly from the two data series.

full rationale

The paper makes no first-principles derivation; it performs Spearman correlations, cross-wavelet/coherence analyses, and contingency counts between sunspot number and Kerala rainfall. The central phase classification uses thresholds (0.122×SNmax and 0.73×SNmax) imported from Sawadogo et al. (2023), an external source, applied to the sunspot series alone; the rainfall excess/deficit labels are defined directly from rainfall mean and standard deviation. No parameter is fitted to the target claim, and no predicted quantity is constructed from the same data used to define it. Self-citations to Thomas and Abraham (2022b) and Thomas et al. (2023) appear only as corroborating remarks for similar wavelet results; the present figures are computed in this paper, so those citations are not load-bearing. The binomial probabilities reported (0.895, 0.927, 0.709, 0.725) are not significant, and the printed deficit criterion 'Ri≤ (μ +σ)' appears to be a typographical error for Ri≤ (μ −σ), but these are statistical and correctness concerns, not circularity. The even/odd asymmetry is asserted without a statistical test, which weakens evidential support without making the argument circular. Overall, the paper is self-contained as an empirical case study, and no derivation step reduces to its own input by construction.

Assumptions & free parameters 4 free parameters · 6 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The analysis has no fitted model parameters; the central claim rests on imported thresholds (0.122, 0.73), event-definition constants (k=1, 31-year window), and statistical null assumptions. No new physical entities are proposed.

free parameters (4)
  • Solar phase thresholds 0.122 and 0.73 = 0.122 and 0.73 times cycle maximum SSN
    Adopted from Sawadogo et al. (2023) and used to assign every year to minimum, increasing, maximum, or decreasing phase. They are not fitted to Kerala rainfall, but the phase labels drive the headline claims.
  • Extreme-year threshold k = k = 1
    Excess years are Ri >= mean + sigma; deficit years are stated as Ri <= mean + sigma (likely mean - sigma). This constant determines the lists of extreme years used in all phase counts.
  • 31-year moving average window = 31 years
    Applied to both sunspot and rainfall series in Figure 2 and before wavelet analysis; it removes the 11-year and 22-year solar periods but strongly smooths the data and inflates autocorrelation.
  • Wavelet parameters (Morlet) = not stated
    The paper follows Grinsted et al. (2004) but does not list the Morlet wavenumber or scale choices, which affect the XWT/WTC significance contours.
assumptions (6)
  • domain assumption Sunspot number is a valid proxy for the solar activity that could affect rainfall.
    Used throughout as the only solar index; no irradiance, cosmic-ray, or circulation data are used to check the proposed physical link.
  • domain assumption IMD 0.25-degree gridded rainfall data are homogeneous and accurate over Kerala for 1901-2022.
    All rainfall values and extreme-year labels depend on this data set.
  • domain assumption A 31-year moving average removes the 11-year and 22-year solar periods without creating spurious low-frequency correlations.
    Section 3.1 relies on this; smoothing red-noise series induces autocorrelation and can inflate correlation significance.
  • domain assumption The Sawadogo phase thresholds remain valid for seasonal mean sunspot numbers.
    The thresholds were developed for a standard annual sunspot series and are applied here to JF, MAM, JJAS, and OND averages.
  • ad hoc to paper The binomial model with a 5/10 probability for each phase is a fair null for extreme-year counts.
    The paper assumes equal ascending and descending durations even though its own phase tables show uneven phase lengths.
  • domain assumption The red-noise AR(1) null used for wavelet significance remains valid after 31-year averaging.
    XWT/WTC significance contours in Figures 3-4 are computed against this null without discussing the smoothing.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Wavelet analysis of possible association between sunspot number and rainfall over Kerala, India: A case study." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/6ZJ2NAHQ

@misc{pith2026241109234,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Wavelet analysis of possible association between sunspot number and rainfall over Kerala, India: A case study},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/6ZJ2NAHQ}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2411.09234}
}
read the original abstract

Global attention has been focused on extreme climatic changes. This paper investigates the relationship between different phases of solar activity and extreme precipitation events in Kerala, India. Sunspot number and rainfall data were analysed over 122 years (1901-2022) on an annual scale. A negative correlation was observed in the winter and post-monsoon seasons, while positive correlations were seen in the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons, all of which were statistically significant. Using cross-wavelet transform, the temporal relationship between sunspot number and rainfall values was investigated, revealing significant cross-power at an 8-12 year scale across all seasons. Wavelet coherence between the two data sets demonstrated significant correlation at the 2-4 and 4-8 year scales throughout the four seasons. The results show that the seasonal rainfall over Kerala is related to solar activity. The solar phases of Solar Cycles 14-24 were determined for all seasons, and the years with excessive and insufficient rainfall were identified. It was observed that the descending phase had an impact on excess rainfall events during the winter and pre-monsoon seasons, while the ascending phase notably affected the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The study specifically examined the different magnetic polarities of sunspots in alternating solar cycles, focusing on even and odd cycles. It was found that extreme rainfall events were more frequent during the winter and pre-monsoon seasons in the even cycles, whereas in the odd cycles, they were more prevalent during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. These findings are presented for the first time and may offer new perspectives on how different phases affect rainfall. This study suggests a physical link between solar activity and extreme precipitation in Kerala, which could increase predictability.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2411.09234 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Location map of Kerala the sun at various intervals. The effect of solar activity on rainfall varies with time scale and region, leading to both positive and negative correlations (Tsiropoula, 2003; Zhao et al., 2004; Wasko & Sharma, 2009; Mauas et al., 2011; Rampelotto et al., 2012). Recently, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between solar and precipitation in China (Zhai, 2017; Yu et al., 2019; … view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Standardized anomaly of sunspot number (SSN) and rainfall (RF) and their 31-years mean values during (a) JF (b) MAM (c) JJAS and (d) OND seasons. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Wavelet cross-spectra between sunspot number (SSN) and rainfall (RF) corresponding to seasonal months (a) JF, (b) MAM, (c) JJAS, and (d) OND. The [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (6 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Wavelet coherence spectra between sunspot number (SSN) and rainfall (RF) corresponding to (a) JF (b) MAM (c) JJAS and (d) OND seasons. The thick [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Solar phases during Solar cycles 11-24 along with extreme years of rainfall, during the JF season. E denotes excess rainfall and D denotes deficit rainfall. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_5.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Out of the 12 excess rainfall years observed in this season, 8 occurred during the decreasing phase and 4 during the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_6.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Solar phases during Solar cycles 11-24 along with extreme years of rainfall, during the MAM season. E denotes excess rainfall and D denotes deficit rainfall. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_6.png]
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Solar phases during Solar cycles 11-24 along with extreme years of rainfall, during the JJAS season. E denotes excess rainfall and D denotes deficit rainfall. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_7.png]
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Solar phases during Solar cycles 11-24 along with extreme years of rainfall, during the OND season. E denotes excess rainfall and D denotes deficit rainfall. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_8.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

70 extracted references · 61 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    write newline

    " write newline "" before.all 'output.state := FUNCTION n.dashify 't := "" t empty not t #1 #1 substring "-" = t #1 #2 substring "--" = not "--" * t #2 global.max substring 't := t #1 #1 substring "-" = "-" * t #2 global.max substring 't := while if t #1 #1 substring * t #2 global.max substring 't := if while FUNCTION word.in bbl.in capitalize "" * " " * ...

  2. [2]

    , author Dutta, K

    author Agnihotri, R. , author Dutta, K. , & author Soon, W. ( year 2011 ). title Temporal derivative of Total Solar Irradiance and anomalous Indian summer monsoon: An empirical evidence for a Sun-climate connection . journal J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. \/ , volume 73 \/ issue (13) , pages 1980--1987 . :10.1016/j.jastp.2011.06.006

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2011.06.006 2011

  3. [3]

    , & author Parthasarathy, B

    author Ananthakrishnan, R. , & author Parthasarathy, B. ( year 1984 ). title Indian rainfall in relation to the sunspot cycle: 1871-1978 . journal J. Climatol. \/ , volume 4 \/ issue (2) , pages 149--169 . :10.1002/joc.3370040205

    work page doi:10.1002/joc.3370040205 1984

  4. [4]

    ( year 2011 )

    author Azad, S. ( year 2011 ). title Extreme Indian Monsoon Rainfall Years and the Sunspot Cycle . journal Adv. Sci. Lett. \/ , volume 4 \/ issue (1) , pages 159--164 . :10.1166/asl.2011.1203

    work page arXiv 2011

  5. [5]

    author Badruddin , & author Aslam, O. P. ( year 2015 ). title Influence of cosmic-ray variability on the monsoon rainfall and temperature . journal J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. \/ , volume 122 \/ , pages 86--96 . :10.1016/j.jastp.2014.11.005. arXiv:1412.1041 http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.1041

    work page Pith review arXiv 2015

  6. [6]

    author Baldwin, M. P. , & author Dunkerton, T. J. ( year 2005 ). title The solar cycle and stratosphere-troposphere dynamical coupling . journal J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys. \/ , volume 67 \/ issue (1-2) , pages 71--82 . :10.1016/j.jastp.2004.07.018

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2004.07.018 2005

  7. [7]

    author Bankoti, N. S. , author Joshi, N. C. , author Pande, S. et al. ( year 2011 ). title Correlative study of different solar activity features with all India homogeneous rainfall during 1963-2006 . journal Quat. Int \/ , volume 229 \/ issue (1-2) , pages 8--15 . :10.1016/j.quaint.2010.04.006

    work page doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.04.006 2011

  8. [8]

    , author Upadhyay, A

    author Barde, V. , author Upadhyay, A. , author Bulusu, J. et al. (). title Impact of solar variability on Indian summer monsoon through large scale circulations . journal J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. \/ , issue (May) , pages 106134 . :10.1016/j.jastp.2023.106134

    arXiv

Show all 70 references
  1. [9]

    , & author Mooley, D

    author Bhalme, H. , & author Mooley, D. ( year 1981 ). title Cyclic fluctuations in the flood area and relationship with the double (hale) sunspot cycle . journal J. Appl. Meteorol.(1962-1982) \/ , (pp. pages 1041--1048 )

    1981

  2. [10]

    , author Reddy, R

    author Bhalme, H. , author Reddy, R. , author Mooley, D. et al. ( year 1981 ). title Solar activity and indian weather/climate . journal Proc. Indian Acad, Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.) \/ , volume 90 \/ issue (3) , pages 245--262

    1981

  3. [11]

    , & author Narasimha, R

    author Bhattacharyya, S. , & author Narasimha, R. ( year 2005 ). title Possible association between Indian monsoon rainfall and solar activity . journal Geophysical Research Letters \/ , volume 32 \/ issue (5) , pages 1--5 . :10.1029/2004GL021044

    2005 doi

  4. [12]

    , & author Narasimha, R

    author Bhattacharyya, S. , & author Narasimha, R. ( year 2007 ). title Regional differentiation in multidecadal connections between Indian monsoon rainfall and solar activity . journal J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. \/ , volume 112 \/ issue (24) , pages 1--10 . :10.1029/2006JD008353

    2007 doi

  5. [13]

    author Chapman, S. C. , author McIntosh, S. W. , author Leamon, R. J. et al. ( year 2020 ). title Quantifying the Solar Cycle Modulation of Extreme Space Weather . journal Geophys. Res. Lett. \/ , volume 47 \/ issue (11) . :10.1029/2020GL087795

    2020 doi

  6. [14]

    , author Pal, J

    author Chaudhuri, S. , author Pal, J. , & author Guhathakurta, S. ( year 2015 ). title The influence of galactic cosmic ray on all India annual rainfall and temperature . journal Adv. Space Res. \/ , volume 55 \/ issue (4) , pages 1158--1167 . :10.1016/j.asr.2014.11.027

    2015 doi

  7. [15]

    author Cook, E. R. , author Meko, D. M. , & author Stockton, C. W. ( year 1997 ). title A new assessment of possible solar and lunar forcing of the bidecadal drought rhythm in the western united states . journal J. Clim. \/ , volume 10 \/ issue (6) , pages 1343 -- 1356 . :10.1...

    1997 doi

  8. [16]

    , author Shetty, A

    author Doranalu Chandrashekar , V. , author Shetty, A. , author Singh, B. B. et al. ( year 2017 ). title Spatio-temporal precipitation variability over Western Ghats and Coastal region of Karnataka, envisaged using high resolution observed gridded data . journal Model. Earth S...

    2017 doi

  9. [17]

    author Gautam, S. P. , author Silwal, A. , author Baral, B. D. et al. (). title The possible impact of solar activity on rainfall in Nepal: A case study . journal Adv. Space Res. \/ , issue (5) , pages 2133--2143 . :10.1016/j.asr.2024.05.075

    doi

  10. [18]

    , author Moore, J

    author Grinsted, A. , author Moore, J. , & author Jevrejeva, S. ( year 2004 ). title Application of cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series . journal Nonlinear Process. Geophys. \/ , volume 11 \/ . :10.5194/npg-11-561-2004

    2004 doi

  11. [19]

    , author Bazzano, F

    author Heredia, T. , author Bazzano, F. M. , author Cionco, R. G. et al. ( year 2019 ). title Searching for solar-like interannual to bidecadal effects on temperature and precipitation over a southern hemisphere location . journal J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys \/ , volume 193 \/ ,...

    2019

  12. [20]

    author Hiremath, K. M. ( year 2006 ). title The Influence of Solar Activity on the Rainfall over India: Cycle-to-Cycle Variations . journal J. Astrophys. Astr. \/ , volume 27 \/ , pages 367--372

    2006

  13. [21]

    author Hiremath, K. M. ( year 2006b ). title The Influence of Solar Activity on the Rainfall over India: Cycle-to-Cycle Variations . journal J. Astrophys. Astr. \/ , volume 27 \/ , pages 367--372

  14. [23]

    author Hiremath, K. M. , & author Mandi, P. I. ( year 2004 b ). title Influence of the solar activity on the Indian Monsoon rainfall . journal New Astron. \/ , volume 9 \/ issue (8) , pages 651--662 . :10.1016/j.newast.2004.04.001

    2004 doi

  15. [24]

    author Hiremath, K. M. , author Manjunath, H. , & author Soon, W. ( year 2015 ). title Indian summer monsoon rainfall: Dancing with the tunes of the sun . journal New Astron. \/ , volume 35 \/ , pages 8--19 . :10.1016/j.newast.2014.08.002

    2015 doi

  16. [25]

    , author Li-jun, X

    author Hong-yan, L. , author Li-jun, X. , & author Wang, X. ( year 2015 ). title Relationship between solar activity and flood/drought disasters of the second songhua river basin . journal J. Water Clim. Chang. \/ , volume 6 \/ , pages 578 . :10.2166/wcc.2014.053

    2015 doi

  17. [27]

    , & author Parthasarathy, B

    author Jagannathan, P. , & author Parthasarathy, B. ( year 1973 ). title Trends and Periodicities of Rainfall Over India . journal Mon. Weather Rev. \/ , volume 101 \/ issue (4) , pages 371--375 . :10.1175/1520-0493(1973)101<0371:taporo>2.3.co;2

    1973 doi

  18. [28]

    , & author Tripathy, S

    author Jain, R. , & author Tripathy, S. C. ( year 1997 ). title Correlation study between sunspot and rainfall in Udaipur subregion . journal Mausam \/ , volume 48 \/ issue (3) , pages 405--412

    1997

  19. [29]

    , author Coughlin, K

    author Kodera, K. , author Coughlin, K. , & author Arakawa, O. ( year 2007 ). title Possible modulation of the connection between the Pacific and Indian Ocean variability by the solar cycle . journal Geophys. Res. Lett. \/ , volume 34 \/ issue (3) , pages 2--5 . :10.1029/2006GL027827

    2007 doi

  20. [30]

    author Kothawale, D. R. , & author Rajeevan, M. ( year 2017 ). title Monthly , Seasonal and Annual Rainfall Time Series for All-India , Homogeneous Regions and Meteorological Subdivisions : 1871-2016 . journal Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) Earth System Scienc...

    2017

  21. [31]

    author Krishnakumar, K. N. , author Prasada Rao , G. S. , & author Gopakumar, C. S. ( year 2009 ). title Rainfall trends in twentieth century over Kerala, India . journal Atmos. Environ \/ , volume 43 \/ issue (11) , pages 1940--1944 . :10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.12.053

    2009 doi

  22. [32]

    , author Kodera, K

    author Kuroda, Y. , author Kodera, K. , author Yoshida, K. et al. (). title Influence of the solar cycle on the north atlantic oscillation . journal J. Geophys. Res. \/ , volume 127 \/ issue (1) , pages e2021JD035519 . :https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035519

    doi

  23. [33]

    u decke, H. J. , & author L \

    author Laurenz, L. , author L \" u decke, H. J. , & author L \" u ning, S. ( year 2019 ). title Influence of solar activity changes on European rainfall . journal J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. \/ , volume 185 \/ , pages 29--42 . :10.1016/j.jastp.2019.01.012

    2019 doi

  24. [34]

    author Leamon, R. J. , author McIntosh, S. W. , & author Marsh, D. R. ( year 2021 ). title Termination of Solar Cycles and Correlated Tropospheric Variability . journal Earth Space Sci. \/ , volume 8 \/ issue (4) . :10.1029/2020EA001223. arXiv:1812.02692 http://arxiv.org/abs/1...

    2021 arXiv

  25. [35]

    , author Wang, Y

    author Li, H. , author Wang, Y. , & author Wang, C. ( year 2023 ). title Lagged response of summer precipitation to solar activity in the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River . journal Front. Earth Sci. \/ , volume 10 \/ issue (January) , pages 1--10 . :10.3389/feart.2022.1101252

    2023

  26. [36]

    author Li, H. J. , author Gao, J. E. , author Zhang, H. C. et al. ( year 2017 ). title Response of Extreme Precipitation to Solar Activity and El Nino Events in Typical Regions of the Loess Plateau . journal Advances in Meteorology \/ , volume 2017 \/ . :10.1155/2017/9823865

    2017 doi

  27. [37]

    , author Yanben, H

    author Lihua, M. , author Yanben, H. , & author Zhiqiang, Y. ( year 2007 ). title The possible influence of solar activity on Indian summer monsoon rainfall . journal Appl. Geophys. \/ , volume 4 \/ issue (3) , pages 231--237 . :10.1007/s11770-007-0029-4

    2007 doi

  28. [38]

    , & author Br \" o nnimann, S

    author Malik, A. , & author Br \" o nnimann, S. ( year 2018 ). title Factors affecting the inter-annual to centennial timescale variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall . journal Clim. Dyn. \/ , volume 50 \/ issue (11-12) , pages 4347--4364 . :10.1007/s00382-017-3879-3

    2018 doi

  29. [39]

    author Mauas, P. J. , author Buccino, A. P. , & author Flamenco, E. ( year 2011 ). title Long-term solar activity influences on South American rivers . journal J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. \/ , volume 73 \/ issue (2-3) , pages 377--382 . :10.1016/j.jastp.2010.02.019. arXiv:1003....

    2011 arXiv

  30. [40]

    author Mitchell, J. M. , author Stockton, C. W. , & author Meko, D. M. ( year 1979 ). title Evidence of a 22-year rhythm of drought in the western united states related to the hale solar cycle since the 17th century . In editor B. M. McCormac , & editor T. A. Seliga (Eds.), bo...

    1979

  31. [41]

    author Mohamed, M. A. , & author El-Mahdy, M. E. S. ( year 2021 ). title Impact of sunspot activity on the rainfall patterns over eastern Africa: A case study of Sudan and south Sudan . journal J. Water Clim. Change \/ , volume 12 \/ issue (5) , pages 2104--2124 . :10.2166/wcc...

    2021 doi

  32. [42]

    , & author Karakouzian, M

    author Nazari-Sharabian, M. , & author Karakouzian, M. ( year 2020 ). title Relationship between Sunspot Numbers and Mean Annual Precipitation: Application of Cross-Wavelet Transform—A Case Study . journal J — Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal \/ , volume 3 \/ issue (1) , p...

    2020 doi

  33. [43]

    , & author Burnecki, K

    author Nitka, W. , & author Burnecki, K. ( year 2019 ). title Impact of solar activity on precipitation in the United States . journal Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications \/ , volume 527 \/ , pages 121387

    2019

  34. [44]

    author Owens, M. J. , author Lockwood, M. , author Barnard, L. A. et al. ( year 2021 ). title Extreme Space-Weather Events and the Solar Cycle . journal Sol. Phys. \/ , volume 296 \/ issue (5) . :10.1007/s11207-021-01831-3

    2021 doi

  35. [45]

    author Pai, D. S. , author Sridhar, L. , author Rajeevan, M. et al. ( year 2014 ). title Development of a new high spatial resolution (0.25° × 0.25°) long period (1901-2010) daily gridded rainfall data set over India and its comparison with existing data sets over the region ....

    2014 doi

  36. [46]

    author Rampelotto, P. H. , author Rigozo, N. R. , author da Rosa, M. B. et al. ( year 2012 ). title Variability of rainfall and temperature (1912-2008) parameters measured from Santa Maria (29°41'S, 53°48'W) and their connections with ENSO and solar activity . journal J. Atmos...

    2012 doi

  37. [47]

    , author Lohmann, G

    author Rimbu, N. , author Lohmann, G. , author Ionita, M. et al. ( year 2021 ). title Interannual to millennial-scale variability of River Ammer floods and its relationship with solar forcing . journal Int J Climatol . \/ , volume 41 \/ issue (S1) , pages E644--E655 . :10.1002...

    2021 doi

  38. [48]

    author Rycroft, M. J. , author Israelsson, S. , & author Price, C. ( year 2000 ). title The global atmospheric electric circuit, solar activity and climate change . journal J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. \/ , volume 62 \/ issue (17) , pages 1563--1576 . :https://doi.org/10.1016/S1...

    2000 doi

  39. [49]

    , author Allain Gnabahou , D

    author Sawadogo, S. , author Allain Gnabahou , D. , author Pahima, T. et al. ( year 2023 ). title Solar activity: towards a standard classification of solar phases from cycle 1 to cycle 24 . journal Adv. Space Res. \/ , issue (xxxx) . :10.1016/j.asr.2023.11.011

    2023 doi

  40. [50]

    author Selvaraj, R. S. , & author Aditya, R. ( year 2011 ). title Study on correlation between southwest and northeast monsoon rainfall over tamil nadu. journal Univers. J. Environ. Res. Technol. \/ , volume 1 \/ issue (4)

    2011

  41. [51]

    author Selvaraj, R. S. , author Muthuchami, A. , & author Nancharaiah, M. ( year 2009 ). title Influence of sunspot activity on the annual rainfall of Tamil Nadu, India . journal Indian J. Phys. \/ , volume 83 \/ issue (9) , pages 1251--1258 . :10.1007/s12648-009-0106-z

    2009 doi

  42. [52]

    author Selvaraj, R. S. , author Umarani, R. , author Mahalakshmi, N. et al. ( year 2013 ). title Correlative study on Solar activity and all India rainfall : Cycle to Cycle Analysis . journal J. Ind. Geophys. Union \/ , volume 17 \/ issue (1) , pages 59--63

    2013

  43. [53]

    , author Li, Z

    author Song, Y. , author Li, Z. , author Gu, Y. et al. ( year 2022 ). title Impact of solar activity on snow cover variation over the tibetan plateau and linkage to the summer precipitation in china . journal Front. Earth Sci. \/ , volume 9 \/ . :10.3389/feart.2021.756762

    2022

  44. [54]

    author Soon, W. H. , author Posmentier, E. S. , & author Baliunas, S. L. ( year 1996 ). title Inference of Solar Irradiance Variability from Terrestrial Temperature Changes, 1880–1993: An Astrophysical Application of the Sun‐Climate Connection . journal Astrophys. J. \/ , volu...

    1996 doi

  45. [55]

    author Souza Echer , M. P. , author Echer, E. , author Nordemann, D. J. et al. ( year 2008 ). title Wavelet analysis of a centennial (1895-1994) southern Brazil rainfall series (Pelotas, 31 ^ 46 ^ 19 ^ ^ S 52 ^ 20 ^ 33 ^ ^ W) . journal Climatic Change \/ , volume 87 \/ issue (...

    2008 doi

  46. [56]

    author Stager, J. C. , author Ruzmaikin, A. , author Conway, D. et al. ( year 2007 ). title Sunspots, El Ni \ n o, and the levels of Lake Victoria, East Africa . journal J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. \/ , volume 112 \/ issue (15) , pages 1--13 . :10.1029/2006JD008362

    2007 doi

  47. [57]

    ( year 2007 )

    author Svensmark, H. ( year 2007 ). title Cosmoclimatology: a new theory emerges . journal Astron. Geophys. \/ , volume 48 \/ issue (1) , pages 18--24 . :10.1111/j.1468-4004.2007.48118.x

    2007

  48. [58]

    ( year 2019 )

    author Svensmark, H. ( year 2019 ). title Force majeure . journal The Sun’s Role in Climate Change, The Global Warming Policy Foundation GWPF Report \/ , volume 33 \/

    2019

  49. [59]

    , & author Abraham, N

    author Thomas, E. , & author Abraham, N. P. ( year 2022 a ). title Impact of solar activity on the seasonal rainfall of kerala, india . journal India (January 26, 2022) \/ , . :dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4102224

    2022 doi

  50. [60]

    , & author Abraham, N

    author Thomas, E. , & author Abraham, N. P. ( year 2022 b ). title Relationship between sunspot number and seasonal rainfall over Kerala using wavelet analysis . journal J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys \/ , volume 240 \/ issue (April) , pages 105943 . :10.1016/j.jastp.2022.105943

    2022

  51. [61]

    , author Joseph, I

    author Thomas, E. , author Joseph, I. , & author Abraham, N. P. ( year 2023 ). title Wavelet analysis of annual rainfall over Kerala and sunspot number . journal New Astron \/ , volume 98 \/ issue (May 2022) . :10.1016/j.newast.2022.101944

    2023

  52. [62]

    , author Xu, J

    author Tiwari, B. , author Xu, J. , author Adhikari, B. et al. ( year 2021 ). title Wavelet and cross correlation analysis on some climatology parameters of nepal . journal BIBECHANA \/ , volume 18 \/ , pages 105--116 . :10.3126/bibechana.v18i2.33805

    2021 doi

  53. [63]

    , & author Compo, G

    author Torrence, C. , & author Compo, G. P. ( year 1998 ). title A Practical guide to Wavelet Analysis . journal Bull. Amer. Meteor. \/ , volume 79 \/ issue (1) , pages 61--78

    1998

  54. [64]

    ( year 2003 )

    author Tsiropoula, G. ( year 2003 ). title Signatures of solar activity variability in meteorological parameters . journal J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. \/ , volume 65 \/ issue (4) , pages 469--482 . :10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00295-X

    2003 doi

  55. [65]

    author Usoskin, I. G. ( year 2017 ). title A History of Solar Activity over Millennia . journal Living Rev. Solar Phys \/ , volume 14 \/ , pages 3 . :https://doi.org/10.1007/s41116-017-0006-9

    2017 doi

  56. [66]

    author Vaquero, J. M. ( year 2004 ). title Solar signal in the number of floods recorded for the tagus river basin over the last millennium . journal Climatic Change \/ , volume 66 \/ , pages 23--26

    2004

  57. [67]

    author Warrier, A. K. , author Sandeep, K. , & author Shankar, R. ( year 2017 ). title Climatic periodicities recorded in lake sediment magnetic susceptibility data: Further evidence for solar forcing on Indian summer monsoon . journal Geosci. Front. \/ , volume 8 \/ issue (6)...

    2017 doi

  58. [68]

    , & author Sharma, A

    author Wasko, C. , & author Sharma, A. ( year 2009 ). title Effect of solar variability on atmospheric moisture storage . journal Geophys. Res. Lett. \/ , volume 36 \/ issue (3) . :10.1029/2008GL036310

    2009 doi

  59. [69]

    author Wirth, S. B. , author Glur, L. , author Gilli, A. et al. ( year 2013 ). title Holocene flood frequency across the Central Alps - solar forcing and evidence for variations in North Atlantic atmospheric circulation . journal Quat. Sci. Rev. \/ , volume 80 \/ , pages 112--...

    2013 doi

  60. [70]

    , author Wang, Y

    author Yu, X. , author Wang, Y. , author Yu, S. et al. ( year 2019 ). title Synchronous droughts and floods in the southern chinese loess plateau since 1646 ce in phase with decadal solar activities . journal Glob Planet Change \/ , volume 183 \/ , pages 103033 . :https://doi....

    2019

  61. [71]

    ( year 2017 )

    author Zhai, Q. ( year 2017 ). title Influence of solar activity on the precipitation in the North-central China . journal New Astron. \/ , volume 51 \/ , pages 1339--1351 . :10.1016/j.newast.2016.09.003

    2017 doi

  62. [72]

    , author Han, Y.-B

    author Zhao, J. , author Han, Y.-B. , & author Li, Z.-A. ( year 2004 ). title The Effect of Solar Activity on the Annual Precipitation in the Beijing Area . journal Chin. J. Astron. and Astrophys. \/ , volume 4 \/ issue (2) , pages 189--197

    2004

Pith tools

Reviewed August 12, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.