Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Foundations of Large Language Models

As of 12 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 100 of 296 outbound references and 11 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2501.09223.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2501.09223 v2

Coverage vector

measured 100 of 296 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.840590Z

measured 111 of 111 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00

measured 11 of 11 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T13:45:03.495496Z

measured 1 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z

Reference resolution

100 of 296 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy0
unresolved100
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

4
arxiv_reference, observed 2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z

Outbound references

Observation 907ff1c8-d1cd-4d71-a238-d064cd8e4500 · outbound

This paper cites write newline shortlabel.

Foundations of Large Language Models write newline shortlabel

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.509528Z

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Observation 142d3c9b-39d8-49f9-a26a-991876b728b5 · outbound

This paper cites Etc: Encoding long and structured inputs in transformers.

Foundations of Large Language Models Etc: Encoding long and structured inputs in transformers

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.514100Z

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Observation 55f0c83b-20ad-49e1-a0f5-94551d180652 · outbound

This paper cites Gqa: Training generalized multi-query transformer models from multi-head checkpoints.

Foundations of Large Language Models Gqa: Training generalized multi-query transformer models from multi-head checkpoints

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.517691Z

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Observation cb20103e-7338-4d06-9cfb-6b0b5aa8db99 · outbound

This paper cites u rek et al., 2023] 0.2em Ekin Aky \.

Foundations of Large Language Models u rek et al., 2023] 0.2em Ekin Aky \

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.521105Z

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Observation 2a294053-18a6-4f59-99b4-dbaa26554a82 · outbound

This paper cites Revisiting neural scaling laws in language and vision.

Foundations of Large Language Models Revisiting neural scaling laws in language and vision

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.524471Z

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Observation ccab39a4-88a4-408a-a311-93e92046d061 · outbound

This paper cites cosmopedia: how to create large-scale synthetic data for pre-training.

Foundations of Large Language Models cosmopedia: how to create large-scale synthetic data for pre-training

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.528037Z

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Observation 1d64327c-867e-4a24-9eda-038ea4ffc4dc · outbound

This paper cites The Falcon Series of Open Language Models.

Foundations of Large Language Models The Falcon Series of Open Language Models

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.531546Z

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Observation 253bf201-a35d-4c8a-af92-2d970cb9a4c3 · outbound

This paper cites Neural module networks.

Foundations of Large Language Models Neural module networks

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.535537Z

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Observation 0cc30455-4c97-496f-83f3-946402b56882 · outbound

This paper cites Unitary evolution recurrent neural networks.

Foundations of Large Language Models Unitary evolution recurrent neural networks

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.538803Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 45b24d81-263e-410c-a08f-fad3ede4a195 · outbound

This paper cites Situational awareness: The decade ahead, 2024.

Foundations of Large Language Models Situational awareness: The decade ahead, 2024

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.542168Z

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Observation 54be9f87-f993-4bbc-87a5-73f5f4173f7a · outbound

This paper cites A General Language Assistant as a Laboratory for Alignment.

Foundations of Large Language Models A General Language Assistant as a Laboratory for Alignment

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.545590Z

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Observation 00bfb96d-f8d5-4aa7-9740-f31dd3a5670d · outbound

This paper cites Bach, Victor Sanh, Zheng Xin Yong, Albert Webson, Colin Raffel, Nihal V.

Foundations of Large Language Models Bach, Victor Sanh, Zheng Xin Yong, Albert Webson, Colin Raffel, Nihal V

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.549094Z

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Observation 865bb5a4-bdd2-4858-8738-bb26eae8c007 · outbound

This paper cites A neural probabilistic language model.

Foundations of Large Language Models A neural probabilistic language model

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.552216Z

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Observation 821ec499-ca58-4585-9b0d-169e4933ee6b · outbound

This paper cites Greedy layer-wise training of deep networks.

Foundations of Large Language Models Greedy layer-wise training of deep networks

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.555316Z

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Observation 5e8af4db-414a-4317-a738-8139b120335e · outbound

This paper cites Hadfield, Jeff Clune, Tegan Maharaj, Frank Hutter, Atilim Gunes Baydin, Sheila A.

Foundations of Large Language Models Hadfield, Jeff Clune, Tegan Maharaj, Frank Hutter, Atilim Gunes Baydin, Sheila A

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.558467Z

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Observation 27660fad-9372-4ca7-80e9-8cae5bc87a18 · outbound

This paper cites Pascal recognizing textual entailment challenge (rte-7) at tac 2011.

Foundations of Large Language Models Pascal recognizing textual entailment challenge (rte-7) at tac 2011

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.561595Z

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Observation 36098033-76b0-4a5c-ab8c-1b030d53e0c5 · outbound

This paper cites Graph of thoughts: Solving elaborate problems with large language models.

Foundations of Large Language Models Graph of thoughts: Solving elaborate problems with large language models

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.564599Z

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Observation f8f5499b-05cc-4018-a046-10176a03ee08 · outbound

This paper cites Rotary embeddings: A relative revolution.

Foundations of Large Language Models Rotary embeddings: A relative revolution

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.567857Z

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Observation 129b6346-9ee3-41f8-9dc1-1c870a533ffa · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Foundations of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.571150Z

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Observation e61aa866-9aff-424a-bf0e-210baa8d1522 · outbound

This paper cites Combining labeled and unlabeled data with co-training.

Foundations of Large Language Models Combining labeled and unlabeled data with co-training

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.574729Z

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Observation 750ce1cb-3c4d-4e64-b591-9ba0d57e0006 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Foundations of Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.578332Z

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Observation c0982b95-36e1-4cb1-8f07-7655903b600f · outbound

This paper cites Reducing Transformer Key-Value Cache Size with Cross-Layer Attention.

Foundations of Large Language Models Reducing Transformer Key-Value Cache Size with Cross-Layer Attention

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.581590Z

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Observation 80938da5-eb06-4999-bdbf-36fd6c42c68c · outbound

This paper cites A simple rule-based part of speech tagger.

Foundations of Large Language Models A simple rule-based part of speech tagger

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.584928Z

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Observation a71d4908-33cd-4ab8-bfa5-4609b318eeaa · outbound

This paper cites Brown, Stephen A.

Foundations of Large Language Models Brown, Stephen A

Reference 24

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Observation ac96e79f-ef89-4bb3-9f60-365eb4a452ac · outbound

This paper cites Language models are few-shot learners.

Foundations of Large Language Models Language models are few-shot learners

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.591218Z

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Observation b7bbc6f2-0c3e-4ce7-8aa8-1a6d3ec6ba3e · outbound

This paper cites Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4.

Foundations of Large Language Models Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.594432Z

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Observation 738ff9c8-3fe2-47c4-b087-6ce3a605fae9 · outbound

This paper cites Recurrent memory transformer.

Foundations of Large Language Models Recurrent memory transformer

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.598126Z

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Observation 0e4aacaa-e5f4-45cc-ad22-8509a7d7085e · outbound

This paper cites Learning to rank using gradient descent.

Foundations of Large Language Models Learning to rank using gradient descent

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.601401Z

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Observation 949605c5-2368-455e-b47d-eeaad574894e · outbound

This paper cites Weak-to-Strong Generalization: Eliciting Strong Capabilities With Weak Supervision.

Foundations of Large Language Models Weak-to-Strong Generalization: Eliciting Strong Capabilities With Weak Supervision

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.604615Z

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Observation 8de533b3-eb4d-4bef-b5ee-28ad54472a6d · outbound

This paper cites Weak-to-strong generalization, 2023 b.

Foundations of Large Language Models Weak-to-strong generalization, 2023 b

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.608322Z

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Observation 5d3fd461-0ae9-461e-b8ea-0576d9bbd1b4 · outbound

This paper cites Broken neural scaling laws.

Foundations of Large Language Models Broken neural scaling laws

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.611345Z

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Observation 9cf8fc65-05e0-4c0b-8279-c964e3f087f7 · outbound

This paper cites Learning to rank: from pairwise approach to listwise approach.

Foundations of Large Language Models Learning to rank: from pairwise approach to listwise approach

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.614506Z

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Observation 62b1c3a9-b2da-4963-9c58-738f6d1cc788 · outbound

This paper cites Efficient Prompting Methods for Large Language Models: A Survey.

Foundations of Large Language Models Efficient Prompting Methods for Large Language Models: A Survey

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.617622Z

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Observation 0b7f0568-7f32-443e-9f80-3c72107e2093 · outbound

This paper cites Statistical parsing with a context-free grammar and word statistics.

Foundations of Large Language Models Statistical parsing with a context-free grammar and word statistics

Reference 34

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Observation 667b4a7a-4c4f-402b-a827-b8e04d545740 · outbound

This paper cites Unleashing the potential of prompt engineering for large language models.

Foundations of Large Language Models Unleashing the potential of prompt engineering for large language models

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.624230Z

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Observation 4090a95b-8a5e-4017-a7ae-475dfc51a018 · outbound

This paper cites AlpaGasus: Training A Better Alpaca with Fewer Data.

Foundations of Large Language Models AlpaGasus: Training A Better Alpaca with Fewer Data

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.627597Z

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Observation 1e9c5dac-7740-444a-ad52-699f2dd81e02 · outbound

This paper cites Alpagasus: Training a better alpaca with fewer data.

Foundations of Large Language Models Alpagasus: Training a better alpaca with fewer data

Reference 37

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Observation 629829ee-48a3-457b-9439-9b00fdda6921 · outbound

This paper cites Extending Context Window of Large Language Models via Positional Interpolation.

Foundations of Large Language Models Extending Context Window of Large Language Models via Positional Interpolation

Reference 38

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Observation 438fba3f-6165-490c-975a-cb6f8a3f4d98 · outbound

This paper cites The lottery ticket hypothesis for pre-trained bert networks.

Foundations of Large Language Models The lottery ticket hypothesis for pre-trained bert networks

Reference 39

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Observation 90a69a1f-b00e-4a9e-a7d2-f8c0163d0333 · outbound

This paper cites Self-Play Fine-Tuning Converts Weak Language Models to Strong Language Models.

Foundations of Large Language Models Self-Play Fine-Tuning Converts Weak Language Models to Strong Language Models

Reference 40

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Observation ee536048-0697-4e59-ae3d-09cac467f832 · outbound

This paper cites Adapting language models to compress contexts.

Foundations of Large Language Models Adapting language models to compress contexts

Reference 41

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Observation df910252-8385-451f-ba12-67ad10abe1c0 · outbound

This paper cites Kerple: Kernelized relative positional embedding for length extrapolation.

Foundations of Large Language Models Kerple: Kernelized relative positional embedding for length extrapolation

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.646733Z

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Observation 023e652a-ec66-4e87-99f3-e6492feefe4e · outbound

This paper cites Dissecting transformer length extrapolation via the lens of receptive field analysis.

Foundations of Large Language Models Dissecting transformer length extrapolation via the lens of receptive field analysis

Reference 43

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Observation a36f8d35-0e95-476a-8c58-181574d88f5a · outbound

This paper cites Gonzalez, Ion Stoica, and Eric P.

Foundations of Large Language Models Gonzalez, Ion Stoica, and Eric P

Reference 44

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Observation ad89e3e9-ead4-4c35-bccf-f36cbf181ea4 · outbound

This paper cites PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways.

Foundations of Large Language Models PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways

Reference 45

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Observation 005e5d47-f0aa-4f62-945a-bf2f58f55b82 · outbound

This paper cites Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences.

Foundations of Large Language Models Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences

Reference 46

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Observation 04ff6043-2658-4bbb-a4ee-7b83e72148a7 · outbound

This paper cites Navigate through Enigmatic Labyrinth A Survey of Chain of Thought Reasoning: Advances, Frontiers and Future.

Foundations of Large Language Models Navigate through Enigmatic Labyrinth A Survey of Chain of Thought Reasoning: Advances, Frontiers and Future

Reference 47

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Observation c0befe19-fcf7-4526-ae91-7268df30c0ba · outbound

This paper cites Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Models.

Foundations of Large Language Models Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Models

Reference 48

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Observation ea0ada8a-adeb-42de-b945-27d322a31a8e · outbound

This paper cites Electra: Pre-training text encoders as discriminators rather than generators.

Foundations of Large Language Models Electra: Pre-training text encoders as discriminators rather than generators

Reference 49

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Observation bc92b21a-6ef4-4e34-9462-f12fbee7b9a3 · outbound

This paper cites Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems.

Foundations of Large Language Models Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems

Reference 50

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Observation ae0f367e-9693-41a0-871b-c5fec4dd387d · outbound

This paper cites Unsupervised cross-lingual representation learning at scale.

Foundations of Large Language Models Unsupervised cross-lingual representation learning at scale

Reference 51

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Observation 19c5724f-26bd-438d-a0e3-32b75092cdaa · outbound

This paper cites Reward model ensembles help mitigate overoptimization.

Foundations of Large Language Models Reward model ensembles help mitigate overoptimization

Reference 52

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Observation bc04e841-fff6-422f-9399-851a6a699c90 · outbound

This paper cites ULTRAFEEDBACK : Boosting language models with scaled AI feedback.

Foundations of Large Language Models ULTRAFEEDBACK : Boosting language models with scaled AI feedback

Reference 53

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Observation 86e532b5-7031-4fb7-a3c4-fa58d534f1eb · outbound

This paper cites Why can gpt learn in-context? language models secretly perform gradient descent as meta-optimizers.

Foundations of Large Language Models Why can gpt learn in-context? language models secretly perform gradient descent as meta-optimizers

Reference 54

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Observation f103b72d-bab2-4b71-b063-0365be8237d9 · outbound

This paper cites Transformer-xl: Attentive language models beyond a fixed-length context.

Foundations of Large Language Models Transformer-xl: Attentive language models beyond a fixed-length context

Reference 55

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Observation a3b68eeb-7f42-4ed0-a92a-8747eb2180fe · outbound

This paper cites Flashattention: Fast and memory-efficient exact attention with io-awareness.

Foundations of Large Language Models Flashattention: Fast and memory-efficient exact attention with io-awareness

Reference 56

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Observation e3ad06cc-76d6-44a9-84c7-6a3856c33148 · outbound

This paper cites Universal Transformers.

Foundations of Large Language Models Universal Transformers

Reference 57

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Observation 9b987ccf-238c-49fa-a245-c9f4e28a157a · outbound

This paper cites Language modeling is compression.

Foundations of Large Language Models Language modeling is compression

Reference 58

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Observation 0ae091fd-29d2-4c99-920d-ce72d21c4af9 · outbound

This paper cites Rlprompt: Optimizing discrete text prompts with reinforcement learning.

Foundations of Large Language Models Rlprompt: Optimizing discrete text prompts with reinforcement learning

Reference 59

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.703974Z

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Observation 34acb0c5-45e7-4e8b-af2c-06f045f83a6b · outbound

This paper cites Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding.

Foundations of Large Language Models Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding

Reference 60

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.707089Z

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Observation 2301d6e3-b5a1-4d97-9d7d-c74b63e1e25b · outbound

This paper cites LongRoPE: Extending LLM Context Window Beyond 2 Million Tokens.

Foundations of Large Language Models LongRoPE: Extending LLM Context Window Beyond 2 Million Tokens

Reference 61

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Observation c000de96-a7b2-4279-9ee4-33af94d89411 · outbound

This paper cites Automatically constructing a corpus of sentential paraphrases.

Foundations of Large Language Models Automatically constructing a corpus of sentential paraphrases

Reference 62

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Observation cf5e2e89-f322-439c-84cd-9827c5004f4d · outbound

This paper cites Unified language model pre-training for natural language understanding and generation.

Foundations of Large Language Models Unified language model pre-training for natural language understanding and generation

Reference 63

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T20:14:58.717134Z

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Observation 1e83ceb7-0974-4c07-b220-b9221b4e69cd · outbound

This paper cites A Survey on In-context Learning.

Foundations of Large Language Models A Survey on In-context Learning

Reference 64

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Foundations of Large Language Models Attention is not all you need: Pure attention loses rank doubly exponentially with depth

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Foundations of Large Language Models Successive prompting for decomposing complex questions

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Foundations of Large Language Models The Llama 3 Herd of Models

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Foundations of Large Language Models Alpacafarm: A simulation framework for methods that learn from human feedback

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Foundations of Large Language Models Helping or Herding? Reward Model Ensembles Mitigate but do not Eliminate Reward Hacking

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Foundations of Large Language Models Why does unsupervised pre-training help deep learning? In Proceedings of the thirteenth international conference on artificial intelligence and statistics, pages 201--208, 2010

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Foundations of Large Language Models Reducing transformer depth on demand with structured dropout

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Foundations of Large Language Models Switch transformers: Scaling to trillion parameter models with simple and efficient sparsity

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Foundations of Large Language Models Is it an agent, or just a program?: A taxonomy for autonomous agents

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Foundations of Large Language Models Complex problem solving: The European perspective

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Foundations of Large Language Models The State of Sparsity in Deep Neural Networks

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Foundations of Large Language Models The Capacity for Moral Self-Correction in Large Language Models

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Foundations of Large Language Models Scaling laws for reward model overoptimization

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Foundations of Large Language Models Pal: Program-aided language models

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Foundations of Large Language Models Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey

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Foundations of Large Language Models What can transformers learn in-context? a case study of simple function classes

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Foundations of Large Language Models Clustering and Ranking: Diversity-preserved Instruction Selection through Expert-aligned Quality Estimation

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Foundations of Large Language Models Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology , 2024

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Foundations of Large Language Models Problems of monetary management: the UK experience

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Foundations of Large Language Models Data and parameter scaling laws for neural machine translation

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Foundations of Large Language Models Mamba: Linear-Time Sequence Modeling with Selective State Spaces

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Foundations of Large Language Models Textbooks Are All You Need

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Foundations of Large Language Models Connecting large language models with evolutionary algorithms yields powerful prompt optimizers

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Foundations of Large Language Models GMAT: Global Memory Augmentation for Transformers

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Foundations of Large Language Models Memory-efficient transformers via top-k attention

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Foundations of Large Language Models Pre-trained models: Past, present and future

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Foundations of Large Language Models Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Large Models: A Comprehensive Survey

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Foundations of Large Language Models PipeDream: Fast and Efficient Pipeline Parallel DNN Training

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Foundations of Large Language Models Rethinking imagenet pre-training

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Foundations of Large Language Models Deberta: Decoding-enhanced bert with disentangled attention

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Foundations of Large Language Models Gaussian Error Linear Units (GELUs)

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Foundations of Large Language Models Pretrained transformers improve out-of-distribution robustness

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Foundations of Large Language Models Measuring massive multitask language understanding

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