Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.579702Z
Paper Citation Record · LEDGER
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers
As of 22 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 39 of 39 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2507.03958.
A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.
Coverage vector
One-hop event checks from named stored sources.
Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00
Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links
A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.
Source: cited_works
Reference resolution
39 of 39 outbound references displayed
- verified exact0
- verified fuzzy10
- unresolved29
- parse uncertain0
- malformed identifier0
- metadata mismatch0
External citation measurements
No source-named external measurement is stored.
Outbound references
Observation 854ebd98-5a8b-4819-8084-2373e1ac9ced · outbound
This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers GPT-4 Technical Report
Reference 1
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.465058Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 442a03af-8834-4075-beb5-808e332791f1 · outbound
This paper cites Qwen Technical Report.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers Qwen Technical Report
Reference 2
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.468699Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 85fcf197-7ed4-4f6e-9db9-41b56a4998e2 · outbound
This paper cites Qwen2.5-VL Technical Report.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers Qwen2.5-VL Technical Report
Reference 3
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.472168Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 2568b648-a23e-4253-8467-396b7b21aff0 · outbound
This paper cites LLM2Vec: Large Language Models Are Secretly Powerful Text Encoders.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers LLM2Vec: Large Language Models Are Secretly Powerful Text Encoders
Reference 4
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.475130Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation f031fbda-1606-4f42-996e-f51da30b3914 · outbound
This paper cites In: Advances in Information Retrieval: 38th European Conference on IR Research.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers In: Advances in Information Retrieval: 38th European Conference on IR Research
Reference 5
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.908341Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 782d666d-0c22-4f5a-be24-b4b23c80962d · outbound
This paper cites Pre-training Tasks for Embedding-based Large-scale Retrieval.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers Pre-training Tasks for Embedding-based Large-scale Retrieval
Reference 6
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.481375Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 821fab9f-c30e-4a1d-945f-c60c95e91154 · outbound
This paper cites SPECTER: Document-level Representation Learning using Citation-informed Transformers.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers SPECTER: Document-level Representation Learning using Citation-informed Transformers
Reference 7
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.484691Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation aa52116a-6c79-4f07-9587-f1bb80831c44 · outbound
This paper cites Overview of the TREC 2019 deep learning track.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers Overview of the TREC 2019 deep learning track
Reference 8
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.487779Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 4f1b0bb5-1ece-43d3-bc62-2da0b30ac764 · outbound
This paper cites Unsupervised Corpus Aware Language Model Pre-training for Dense Passage Retrieval.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers Unsupervised Corpus Aware Language Model Pre-training for Dense Passage Retrieval
Reference 9
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.490750Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 635d2b74-bdc5-49a0-afc9-1125d7d68ad7 · outbound
This paper cites DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning
Reference 10
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.493634Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 4b0a2e28-b1ba-4f94-a6b6-8f41dc9ca005 · outbound
This paper cites ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) 40(4), 1–42 (2022).
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) 40(4), 1–42 (2022)
Reference 11
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.899179Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 828e5854-a771-42c8-ba38-e8301f4a5603 · outbound
This paper cites In: Proceedings of the 25th ACM International on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers In: Proceedings of the 25th ACM International on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management
Reference 12
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.890502Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation eb2ed3e7-5690-41ed-b2a7-23b6d2001876 · outbound
This paper cites Measuring Coding Challenge Competence With APPS.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers Measuring Coding Challenge Competence With APPS
Reference 13
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.502472Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation e330e38d-9028-4140-9315-1f93a01225f5 · outbound
This paper cites CoSQA: 20,000+ Web Queries for Code Search and Question Answering.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers CoSQA: 20,000+ Web Queries for Code Search and Question Answering
Reference 14
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.505285Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 231c3b37-334b-471c-8790-764fba8d7ce1 · outbound
This paper cites Qwen2.5-Coder Technical Report.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers Qwen2.5-Coder Technical Report
Reference 15
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.508271Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation a885932a-c481-429c-a065-c8b4ff2331ac · outbound
This paper cites CodeSearchNet Challenge: Evaluating the State of Semantic Code Search.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers CodeSearchNet Challenge: Evaluating the State of Semantic Code Search
Reference 16
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.511259Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation ff1a4a88-5efc-41aa-aab4-85cc7e92ef59 · outbound
This paper cites In: EMNLP (1).
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers In: EMNLP (1)
Reference 17
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.881925Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 3a919080-33dd-415b-aa22-1dc15f126c9c · outbound
This paper cites In: Proceedings of the 62nd Annual MeetingoftheAssociationforComputationalLinguistics(Volume1:LongPapers).
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers In: Proceedings of the 62nd Annual MeetingoftheAssociationforComputationalLinguistics(Volume1:LongPapers)
Reference 18
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.873466Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 4aee729d-b5c4-48cb-a4a1-c6a3b465c109 · outbound
This paper cites CoIR: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Code Information Retrieval Models.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers CoIR: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Code Information Retrieval Models
Reference 19
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.519551Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation cc30461a-a760-4c12-91cc-f12ca4ed34cd · outbound
This paper cites DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report
Reference 20
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.522521Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 6cb00321-186f-4ed3-91ff-413dbd228898 · outbound
This paper cites In: Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on web search and data mining.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers In: Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on web search and data mining
Reference 21
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.865043Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 676ee17f-ef23-4ab2-b5f7-9dec4f94e8a9 · outbound
This paper cites In: Proceedings of the 47th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers In: Proceedings of the 47th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval
Reference 22
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.528467Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 73bf5755-79d0-4808-b843-43d965e8d04f · outbound
This paper cites In: Companion proceedings of the the web conference 2018.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers In: Companion proceedings of the the web conference 2018
Reference 23
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.851147Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 6f3bfc7c-a70b-4f2b-b225-09996e9e046b · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers Unresolved cited work
Reference 24
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.534060Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation ff23b9f7-be72-4646-8054-f3142a55b78d · outbound
This paper cites RocketQA: An Optimized Training Approach to Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers RocketQA: An Optimized Training Approach to Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering
Reference 25
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.536736Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 9137360b-40ce-4309-a23e-7472a8a64c0c · outbound
This paper cites Foundations and Trends® in Information Retrieval 3(4), 333–389 (2009).
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers Foundations and Trends® in Information Retrieval 3(4), 333–389 (2009)
Reference 26
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.539895Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 03d33564-cf56-463a-9820-41613b9a77df · outbound
This paper cites Repetition Improves Language Model Embeddings.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers Repetition Improves Language Model Embeddings
Reference 28
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.545554Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 056a2f6c-d168-459a-8fcc-fc94e34b9720 · outbound
This paper cites BEIR: A Heterogenous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers BEIR: A Heterogenous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models
Reference 29
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.548328Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 72686ba4-8562-4587-b90d-6dd389bb346d · outbound
This paper cites Advances in neural information processing systems30 (2017).
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers Advances in neural information processing systems30 (2017)
Reference 30
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.831924Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 46c7383a-abd4-4cdc-a123-9c2854382687 · outbound
This paper cites In: Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Associ- ation for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers).
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers In: Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Associ- ation for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)
Reference 31
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.822780Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 270c3903-7e25-44da-9f8f-da99973dd403 · outbound
This paper cites ArXiv pp.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers ArXiv pp
Reference 32
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.812919Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 603beeba-0ff1-42ae-8345-fc056fe0308c · outbound
This paper cites RetroMAE: Pre-Training Retrieval-oriented Language Models Via Masked Auto-Encoder.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers RetroMAE: Pre-Training Retrieval-oriented Language Models Via Masked Auto-Encoder
Reference 33
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.559134Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 3720365f-149c-4d0e-bcee-875018218545 · outbound
This paper cites CodeTransOcean: A Comprehensive Multilingual Benchmark for Code Translation.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers CodeTransOcean: A Comprehensive Multilingual Benchmark for Code Translation
Reference 34
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.562096Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 3716bc0e-dbc5-4272-90fb-58de0a8acf26 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers Unresolved cited work
Reference 35
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.804007Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation eb79e5d9-0fa8-44d4-ba4f-954ba4973e3a · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers Unresolved cited work
Reference 36
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.795351Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-22T06:32:14.747728+00:00.
Observation 841405b3-7dfa-4620-8e67-f5c3d5a98698 · outbound
This paper cites Qwen2.5-Math Technical Report: Toward Mathematical Expert Model via Self-Improvement.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers Qwen2.5-Math Technical Report: Toward Mathematical Expert Model via Self-Improvement
Reference 37
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.570832Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 057b6639-3b32-42f4-93a3-4592e5fe93d2 · outbound
This paper cites Unleashing the Power of LLMs in Dense Retrieval with Query Likelihood Modeling.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers Unleashing the Power of LLMs in Dense Retrieval with Query Likelihood Modeling
Reference 38
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.573803Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 1dbd9ed9-4ea8-47bf-916a-e11d9a3c8de1 · outbound
This paper cites OpenCodeInterpreter: Integrating Code Generation with Execution and Refinement.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers OpenCodeInterpreter: Integrating Code Generation with Execution and Refinement
Reference 39
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.576803Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation f48b94ca-507d-4191-a4ed-859f9afd502c · outbound
This paper cites PromptReps: Prompting Large Language Models to Generate Dense and Sparse Representations for Zero-Shot Document Retrieval.
A Comparative Study of Specialized LLMs as Dense Retrievers PromptReps: Prompting Large Language Models to Generate Dense and Sparse Representations for Zero-Shot Document Retrieval
Reference 40
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T20:02:17.579702Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Pith citing papers
No inbound Pith citation observations are available.