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arxiv: 2604.07961 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-09 · ⚛️ nucl-ex

Recognition: 2 theorem links

· Lean Theorem

Dijet invariant mass of charged-particle jets in pp and p-Pb collisions at sqrt{s_{rm NN}} = 5.02 TeV

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 18:05 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ nucl-ex
keywords dijet invariant massnuclear modification factorp-Pb collisionscharged-particle jetsanti-kT algorithmsmall collision systemsanti-shadowing5.02 TeV
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The pith

The nuclear modification factor for charged-particle dijet invariant mass is consistent with unity in p-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper reports the first measurement of the dijet invariant mass spectra for charged-particle jets in proton-proton and proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. Charged particles in the mid-rapidity region are clustered into jets with the anti-kT algorithm using a resolution parameter of 0.4, and pairs are selected with both the leading and subleading jets having transverse momentum above 20 GeV/c and lying within absolute pseudorapidity 0.5. The analysis extracts the mass spectrum in the interval from 75 to 150 GeV/c squared and forms the nuclear modification factor as the ratio of the p-Pb yield to the scaled pp yield. This factor is measured to be consistent with one across the mass range, matching the pattern seen in earlier jet measurements in small collision systems.

Core claim

The ALICE collaboration has measured the invariant mass distribution of dijet pairs consisting of charged-particle jets in both pp and p-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 5.02 TeV. Using the anti-k_T jet finder with R = 0.4 on particles within |η| < 0.9, and requiring the leading and subleading jets to satisfy p_T > 20 GeV/c and |η_jet| < 0.5, the dijet mass spectrum is extracted in the range 75 to 150 GeV/c². The resulting nuclear modification factor R_pA is consistent with unity across this mass interval, in agreement with earlier findings from jet studies in small systems. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that this mass region could probe anti-shadowing in the x-

What carries the argument

The nuclear modification factor R_pA, formed as the ratio of the dijet invariant mass spectrum in p-Pb collisions to the corresponding spectrum in pp collisions scaled by the average number of binary collisions, which isolates nuclear modifications to jet production.

If this is right

  • Consistency of R_pA with unity implies that cold nuclear matter effects do not produce large changes to the dijet mass distribution in the studied kinematic range for p-Pb collisions.
  • Monte Carlo generators predict a subtle anti-shadowing signal in nuclear parton densities, but the size of the predicted deviation lies below the sensitivity of the present data.
  • The result reinforces that pp reference spectra can be used directly for p-Pb jet studies without large nuclear corrections in this observable.
  • The measurement supplies a new baseline that can be compared against future data at higher statistics or different collision energies.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If R_pA remains consistent with unity at substantially higher precision, the data would place tighter limits on the strength of anti-shadowing modifications to nuclear parton distributions in the probed x range.
  • Including neutral particles in the jet reconstruction or raising the minimum jet p_T could increase sensitivity to nuclear effects that remain hidden in the current charged-particle-only selection.
  • The absence of modification supports treating small-system jet data as close proxies to vacuum parton scattering when interpreting results from heavy-ion collisions.

Load-bearing premise

The chosen jet selection and Monte Carlo modeling of parton densities do not introduce biases that would mask a real nuclear modification in the measured mass window.

What would settle it

A higher-luminosity data set that shows the nuclear modification factor deviating from unity by more than the present uncertainties across the 75-150 GeV/c² interval would indicate a nuclear effect missed by the current measurement.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.07961 by ALICE Collaboration.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: The probability distribution of the background fluctuation in pp and p–Pb collisions fitted with an asymmetric generalized Gaussian. and powers (q ± 6= 2) for positive (x− µ ≥ 0) and negative sides of the mean: f(δMjj) = C ×    exp −  |x−µ| σ+ q +  , x− µ ≥ 0 exp −  |x−µ| σ− q −  , x− µ < 0 . (7) It is important to note that the right (left) width, i.e., |x− µ| ≥ 0 (< 0), of the distribution… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: The dijet invariant mass spectrum in pp and p–Pb at √ sNN = 5.02 TeV is presented in the top panel, and the nuclear modification factor RpPb in the bottom panel. In the bottom panel, the simulation results from PYTHIA and POWHEG+PYTHIA are also shown. To understand the observed trends and better interpret the results, the results are compared with MC simulations. PYTHIA and POWHEG+PYTHIA were used to gener… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The ALICE collaboration presents the first measurement of the dijet invariant mass spectra of charged-particle jets in pp and p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 5.02$ TeV. Charged particles in the mid-pseudorapidity region, $|\eta| < 0.9$, are clustered into jets using the anti-$k_{\rm T}$ algorithm with a resolution parameter $R = 0.4$. The leading and subleading jets are required to have a transverse momentum $p_{\rm T} > 20$ GeV$/c$ and to be contained within $\left|\eta_{\rm jet}\right| < 0.5$. The dijet invariant mass spectrum and the nuclear modification factor $R_{\rm pA}$ are presented in the low-mass region of 75 to 150 GeV/$c^2$. The nuclear modification factor for charged-particle dijet invariant mass is consistent with unity. This is in line with previous small-system jet studies. Comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations suggest that the low-mass region is sensitive to anti-shadowing effects on parton densities in the nucleus, however, the expected signal is subtle and below the present experimental sensitivity.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports the first measurement of dijet invariant mass spectra for charged-particle jets in pp and p-Pb collisions at √s_NN = 5.02 TeV. Charged particles with |η| < 0.9 are clustered using the anti-k_T algorithm with R = 0.4; leading and subleading jets must satisfy p_T > 20 GeV/c and |η_jet| < 0.5. The dijet mass spectrum and nuclear modification factor R_pA are presented for 75–150 GeV/c², with R_pA found consistent with unity. Monte Carlo comparisons indicate that this mass range is sensitive to anti-shadowing in nuclear PDFs, but the expected deviation lies below experimental sensitivity.

Significance. If the central result holds after quantitative scrutiny, the work supplies a valuable baseline measurement for jet production in small systems. A null result for R_pA in the low-mass window constrains nPDF modifications and supports the absence of significant cold-nuclear-matter effects on jets at these kinematics, consistent with earlier p-Pb jet studies. The charged-particle jet approach and explicit kinematic cuts make the result directly comparable to models of anti-shadowing.

major comments (2)
  1. [Results section] Results section (and abstract): The statement that R_pA is 'consistent with unity' and that the anti-shadowing signal is 'below the present experimental sensitivity' is presented without tabulated R_pA values, statistical plus systematic uncertainties, or a quantitative measure (e.g., χ² per degree of freedom for the hypothesis R_pA = 1). Because the central claim rests on this consistency, the absence of these numbers prevents an independent assessment of whether the data truly exclude the MC-predicted deviation.
  2. [Monte Carlo comparison] Monte Carlo comparison (likely §4 or discussion): The claim that the low-mass region is sensitive to anti-shadowing yet the signal is below sensitivity is stated qualitatively. The manuscript should overlay the MC-predicted R_pA (with the identical jet p_T, η, and R cuts) on the data or provide the expected percentage deviation in the 75–150 GeV/c² window so that the reader can judge whether the experimental precision is sufficient to test the nPDF effect.
minor comments (3)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: The kinematic window is given as '75 to 150 GeV/c²' without stating whether this is a single bin or the range over which the spectrum is integrated or binned; clarify in the text and figures.
  2. [Analysis] Jet selection: The rationale for the tight |η_jet| < 0.5 cut (versus the wider |η| < 0.9 acceptance of the tracking) should be explained, including any study of how relaxing the cut affects R_pA.
  3. [Figures] Figure captions and legends: Ensure every panel explicitly labels the pp and p-Pb data sets, the MC generator and nPDF set used, and the statistical/systematic uncertainty treatment.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful review and constructive comments. We address each major comment point by point below.

read point-by-point responses
  1. Referee: [Results section] Results section (and abstract): The statement that R_pA is 'consistent with unity' and that the anti-shadowing signal is 'below the present experimental sensitivity' is presented without tabulated R_pA values, statistical plus systematic uncertainties, or a quantitative measure (e.g., χ² per degree of freedom for the hypothesis R_pA = 1). Because the central claim rests on this consistency, the absence of these numbers prevents an independent assessment of whether the data truly exclude the MC-predicted deviation.

    Authors: We agree that tabulated R_pA values with full uncertainties and a quantitative consistency metric would strengthen the presentation and enable independent evaluation. In the revised manuscript we will add a table of R_pA in the 75–150 GeV/c² range together with statistical and systematic uncertainties, and we will report the χ² per degree of freedom for the hypothesis R_pA = 1. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Monte Carlo comparison] Monte Carlo comparison (likely §4 or discussion): The claim that the low-mass region is sensitive to anti-shadowing yet the signal is below sensitivity is stated qualitatively. The manuscript should overlay the MC-predicted R_pA (with the identical jet p_T, η, and R cuts) on the data or provide the expected percentage deviation in the 75–150 GeV/c² window so that the reader can judge whether the experimental precision is sufficient to test the nPDF effect.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the Monte Carlo comparison was presented only qualitatively. We will revise the relevant figure to overlay the nPDF-modified MC prediction for R_pA (computed with the exact same jet p_T, η, and R selections) and will quote the expected percentage deviation from unity in the 75–150 GeV/c² window in the text. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Direct experimental measurement with no circular derivation

full rationale

The paper reports measured dijet invariant mass spectra in pp and p-Pb collisions and constructs R_pA as the ratio of yields (normalized by binary collisions) directly from data. The statement that R_pA is consistent with unity is an empirical result from the observed spectra, not a prediction or derivation that reduces to a fitted parameter, self-citation, or ansatz. Monte Carlo comparisons are presented only for post-hoc interpretation of sensitivity to anti-shadowing and do not enter the primary measurement or its uncertainty. No load-bearing self-citations, self-definitional steps, or renaming of known results occur in the reported chain.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The analysis rests on standard assumptions of QCD jet formation, the validity of the anti-kT algorithm for charged particles, and the accuracy of Monte Carlo generators for nuclear parton densities. No new free parameters are introduced beyond conventional analysis cuts.

free parameters (2)
  • jet resolution parameter R
    Fixed at 0.4 by choice; affects jet definition and is not derived from data.
  • minimum jet pT
    Set at 20 GeV/c; a selection cut chosen to ensure reliable reconstruction.
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Charged particles within |η| < 0.9 can be clustered into jets that faithfully represent the underlying parton kinematics.
    Invoked when applying the anti-kT algorithm to mid-rapidity tracks.
  • domain assumption Monte Carlo event generators correctly model anti-shadowing modifications to nuclear parton densities in the relevant x range.
    Used when comparing data to simulations to interpret the absence of a visible signal.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5527 in / 1447 out tokens · 66098 ms · 2026-05-10T18:05:07.260096+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

  • IndisputableMonolith/Foundation/RealityFromDistinction.lean reality_from_one_distinction unclear
    ?
    unclear

    Relation between the paper passage and the cited Recognition theorem.

    The nuclear modification factor for charged-particle dijet invariant mass is consistent with unity. ... Comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations suggest that the low-mass region is sensitive to anti-shadowing effects on parton densities in the nucleus, however, the expected signal is subtle and below the present experimental sensitivity.

  • IndisputableMonolith/Cost/FunctionalEquation.lean washburn_uniqueness_aczel unclear
    ?
    unclear

    Relation between the paper passage and the cited Recognition theorem.

    Jets are reconstructed from charged-particle tracks using the FastJet package with the anti-kT algorithm with a resolution parameter of R = 0.4 ... The dijet invariant mass is then calculated as M²_jj ≈ 2 pT,1 pT,2 (cosh(Δη) − cos(Δϕ)).

What do these tags mean?
matches
The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports
The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends
The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
uses
The paper appears to rely on the theorem as machinery.
contradicts
The paper's claim conflicts with a theorem or certificate in the canon.
unclear
Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Reference graph

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