First observation of CP violation in B+ to rho(770)^0 K*(892)+ decays with A_CP = 0.507 and longitudinal polarization fraction f_L = 0.720 from 9 fb^-1 of LHCb data.
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PYTHIA 6.4 Physics and Manual
Mixed citation behavior. Most common role is method (55%).
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Pith papers citing it
Method
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abstract
The PYTHIA program can be used to generate high-energy-physics `events', i.e. sets of outgoing particles produced in the interactions between two incoming particles. The objective is to provide as accurate as possible a representation of event properties in a wide range of reactions, within and beyond the Standard Model, with emphasis on those where strong interactions play a role, directly or indirectly, and therefore multihadronic final states are produced. The physics is then not understood well enough to give an exact description; instead the program has to be based on a combination of analytical results and various QCD-based models. This physics input is summarized here, for areas such as hard subprocesses, initial- and final-state parton showers, underlying events and beam remnants, fragmentation and decays, and much more. Furthermore, extensive information is provided on all program elements: subroutines and functions, switches and parameters, and particle and process data. This should allow the user to tailor the generation task to the topics of interest.
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representative citing papers
First measurement of energy correlators in jets from transversely polarized pp collisions at 200 GeV shows sizable spin asymmetries for pions that provide sensitivity to nucleon transversity with reduced fragmentation uncertainties.
An XFEL Compton gamma-gamma collider at 125 GeV with a set transformer deep learning classifier on particle-flow point clouds can achieve high-precision Higgs measurements across hadronic, semi-leptonic, and leptonic final states including H to strange quarks.
Boosted light scalars decaying to b b-bar in Type-I 2HDM can be tagged as double-b fat-jets and used with SM gauge bosons to probe heavy scalars up to 540 GeV at the HL-LHC for masses 30-70 GeV.
Extension of KoMPoST to (3+1)D non-boost-invariant pre-equilibrium dynamics via kinetic theory response functions, chained into a full McDIPPER+KoMPoST-3D+CLVisc+SMASH simulation chain to study sensitivity of longitudinal flow to hydrodynamic start time.
Neural refinement of Monte Carlo sample weights via phase-space scaling and a new resampling protocol that maintains averages and uncertainties.
Self-normalized yields of prompt and non-prompt J/ψ increase stronger than linearly with charged-particle multiplicity in pp collisions at 13 TeV, with stronger effect in the toward azimuthal region.
MadGraph5_aMC@NLO automates tree-level, NLO, shower-matched, and merged cross-section computations for collider processes in a unified flexible framework.
The POWHEG method provides a general framework to interface NLO QCD computations with parton showers using Catani-Seymour and Frixione-Kunszt-Signer subtraction schemes, illustrated with e+e- hadron production and Drell-Yan processes.
NLO QCD plus parton-shower matched implementation for VBF Higgs plus photon production, with studies showing small shower effects on Higgs observables and larger effects on sub-leading jets.
A multi-part truncation for lattice QCD with fermions enables explicit Hamiltonians in 1+1D and 2+1D and string-breaking simulations by capping basis states, electric energy, fermions per site, and using large-Nc matrix element scaling.
Non-thermal production via late-decaying reheatons can achieve the observed dark matter density for sexaquarks by controlling branching fractions and coalescence probabilities, unlike thermal freeze-out which underproduces them by many orders of magnitude.
FCC-ee projections show percent to per-mil precision on Higgs hadronic decay rates including first sensitivity to the rare H to strange-strange mode.
No evidence for KS0 or KL0 to pi+ pi- mu+ mu- decays; first upper limits set at 1.4e-9 and 6.6e-7 (90% CL).
The first measurement of charged-particle dijet invariant mass spectra shows no significant nuclear modification in p-Pb collisions at low masses.
NNLO QCD calculations using the MaunaKea code enhance c cbar and b bbar production cross sections by up to a factor of two over NLO predictions, reduce scale uncertainties, and match experimental data from 10 GeV to 14 TeV while suggesting PDF and mass constraints.
The work presents a dispersive fit for the refractive index of liquid argon incorporating anomalous dispersion and proposes jet drift in simulations of heavy-ion collisions as a way to disentangle medium properties from energy loss.
Realistic variations in final-state interaction modeling can distort reconstructed neutrino energy spectra in DUNE-like experiments by amounts comparable to or exceeding those from changes in Δm²₃₂ or δ_CP, creating a potential degeneracy.
Deep learning on all particles via holistic analysis and Advanced Color Singlet Identification improves Higgs signal extraction up to sixfold in high-energy collisions.
A Higgs-assisted razor search with ML for Higgsino NLSPs decaying to Bino LSP via Z/h at 100 TeV projects 5σ discovery to 1.4 TeV Higgsino mass (Bino ~0.9 TeV) with 3000 fb^{-1}.
DELPHES 3 delivers a modular fast-simulation framework with particle-flow and pile-up features for reconstructing physics objects in collider detector studies.
The POWHEG BOX provides a general computer code framework for implementing NLO calculations in shower Monte Carlo programs according to the POWHEG method.
MC-CGC simulations with rcBK evolution favor HERA-tuned MV^γ and MV^e initial conditions for LHCb forward hadron data, show kT factorization outperforming DHJ at mid-rapidity, and provide predictions for ALICE FoCal neutral mesons and jets.
FCC-ee projections indicate at least 10 times better precision on the H to tau tau cross-section than the LHC through ZH and VBF channels plus improved tau reconstruction methods.
citing papers explorer
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First observation of $CP$ violation and measurement of polarization in $B^+\to\rho(770)^0 K^*(892)^+$ decays
First observation of CP violation in B+ to rho(770)^0 K*(892)+ decays with A_CP = 0.507 and longitudinal polarization fraction f_L = 0.720 from 9 fb^-1 of LHCb data.
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Energy Correlators Within Jets in Transversely Polarized Proton-Proton Collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200$ GeV
First measurement of energy correlators in jets from transversely polarized pp collisions at 200 GeV shows sizable spin asymmetries for pions that provide sensitivity to nucleon transversity with reduced fragmentation uncertainties.
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Higgs Physics with the XFEL Compton $\boldsymbol{\gamma\gamma}$ Collider Concept at $\boldsymbol{\sqrt{s}=125}$ GeV
An XFEL Compton gamma-gamma collider at 125 GeV with a set transformer deep learning classifier on particle-flow point clouds can achieve high-precision Higgs measurements across hadronic, semi-leptonic, and leptonic final states including H to strange quarks.
-
Probing Boosted Light Scalars in the Type-I 2HDM
Boosted light scalars decaying to b b-bar in Type-I 2HDM can be tagged as double-b fat-jets and used with SM gauge bosons to probe heavy scalars up to 540 GeV at the HL-LHC for masses 30-70 GeV.
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(3+1)D event-by-event pre-equilibrium dynamics in heavy-ion collisions
Extension of KoMPoST to (3+1)D non-boost-invariant pre-equilibrium dynamics via kinetic theory response functions, chained into a full McDIPPER+KoMPoST-3D+CLVisc+SMASH simulation chain to study sensitivity of longitudinal flow to hydrodynamic start time.
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Stay Positive: Neural Refinement of Sample Weights
Neural refinement of Monte Carlo sample weights via phase-space scaling and a new resampling protocol that maintains averages and uncertainties.
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Multiplicity dependence of prompt and non-prompt J/$\psi$ production at midrapidity in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV
Self-normalized yields of prompt and non-prompt J/ψ increase stronger than linearly with charged-particle multiplicity in pp collisions at 13 TeV, with stronger effect in the toward azimuthal region.
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The automated computation of tree-level and next-to-leading order differential cross sections, and their matching to parton shower simulations
MadGraph5_aMC@NLO automates tree-level, NLO, shower-matched, and merged cross-section computations for collider processes in a unified flexible framework.
-
Matching NLO QCD computations with Parton Shower simulations: the POWHEG method
The POWHEG method provides a general framework to interface NLO QCD computations with parton showers using Catani-Seymour and Frixione-Kunszt-Signer subtraction schemes, illustrated with e+e- hadron production and Drell-Yan processes.
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NLO QCD and parton-shower effects for Higgs-boson production in association with a hard photon via vector-boson fusion
NLO QCD plus parton-shower matched implementation for VBF Higgs plus photon production, with studies showing small shower effects on Higgs observables and larger effects on sub-leading jets.
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Large Nc Truncations for SU(Nc) Lattice Yang-Mills Theory with Fermions
A multi-part truncation for lattice QCD with fermions enables explicit Hamiltonians in 1+1D and 2+1D and string-breaking simulations by capping basis states, electric energy, fermions per site, and using large-Nc matrix element scaling.
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Non-Thermal Production of Sexaquark Dark Matter
Non-thermal production via late-decaying reheatons can achieve the observed dark matter density for sexaquarks by controlling branching fractions and coalescence probabilities, unlike thermal freeze-out which underproduces them by many orders of magnitude.
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Precision Measurements of Higgs Hadronic Decay Modes at the FCC-ee
FCC-ee projections show percent to per-mil precision on Higgs hadronic decay rates including first sensitivity to the rare H to strange-strange mode.
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Search for $K_{\mathrm{S(L)}}^{0} \rightarrow \pi^{+}\pi^{-}\mu^{+}\mu^{-}$ decays at LHCb
No evidence for KS0 or KL0 to pi+ pi- mu+ mu- decays; first upper limits set at 1.4e-9 and 6.6e-7 (90% CL).
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Dijet invariant mass of charged-particle jets in pp and p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 5.02$ TeV
The first measurement of charged-particle dijet invariant mass spectra shows no significant nuclear modification in p-Pb collisions at low masses.
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Inclusive charm and bottom quark pair production cross sections at hadron colliders at next-to-next-to-leading-order accuracy
NNLO QCD calculations using the MaunaKea code enhance c cbar and b bbar production cross sections by up to a factor of two over NLO predictions, reduce scale uncertainties, and match experimental data from 10 GeV to 14 TeV while suggesting PDF and mass constraints.
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Medium Characterization with Hard Probes: From Cherenkov Light in QED to Jet Drift in QCD
The work presents a dispersive fit for the refractive index of liquid argon incorporating anomalous dispersion and proposes jet drift in simulations of heavy-ion collisions as a way to disentangle medium properties from energy loss.
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The role of final-state interaction modeling in neutrino energy reconstruction and oscillation measurements
Realistic variations in final-state interaction modeling can distort reconstructed neutrino energy spectra in DUNE-like experiments by amounts comparable to or exceeding those from changes in Δm²₃₂ or δ_CP, creating a potential degeneracy.
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Learning from all particles in high-energy collisions
Deep learning on all particles via holistic analysis and Advanced Color Singlet Identification improves Higgs signal extraction up to sixfold in high-energy collisions.
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Higgs Assisted Razor Search for Higgsinos at a 100 TeV pp Collider
A Higgs-assisted razor search with ML for Higgsino NLSPs decaying to Bino LSP via Z/h at 100 TeV projects 5σ discovery to 1.4 TeV Higgsino mass (Bino ~0.9 TeV) with 3000 fb^{-1}.
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DELPHES 3, A modular framework for fast simulation of a generic collider experiment
DELPHES 3 delivers a modular fast-simulation framework with particle-flow and pile-up features for reconstructing physics objects in collider detector studies.
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A general framework for implementing NLO calculations in shower Monte Carlo programs: the POWHEG BOX
The POWHEG BOX provides a general computer code framework for implementing NLO calculations in shower Monte Carlo programs according to the POWHEG method.
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Forward hadron production in pp collisions at LHC energies from an event generator based on the color glass condensate framework
MC-CGC simulations with rcBK evolution favor HERA-tuned MV^γ and MV^e initial conditions for LHCb forward hadron data, show kT factorization outperforming DHJ at mid-rapidity, and provide predictions for ALICE FoCal neutral mesons and jets.
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Projections of H$\to\tau\tau$ cross-section at FCC-ee
FCC-ee projections indicate at least 10 times better precision on the H to tau tau cross-section than the LHC through ZH and VBF channels plus improved tau reconstruction methods.
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Muonphilic asymmetric dark matter at a future muon collider
Muonphilic portals to fermionic asymmetric dark matter are constrained by existing data and can be probed further by 3 and 10 TeV muon colliders.
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Measurement of the branching fractions and longitudinal polarisations of $B^0_{(s)} \to K^{*0} \kern 0.18em \overline{\kern -0.18em K}{}^{*0}$ decays
LHCb measures f_L^d = 0.600 and f_L^s = 0.159 for B to K* Kbar* decays and reports a ratio L of 4.92 that confirms 4.4 sigma discrepancy with theory.
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Physics-informed neural network (PINN) modeling of charged particle multiplicity using the two-component framework in heavy-ion collisions: A comparison with data-driven neural networks
A PINN constrained by the two-component multiplicity model learns the hard-scattering fraction from Zr+Zr events and predicts N_ch more accurately than a data-driven NN on unseen Ru+Ru and Au+Au collisions.
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Towards a W boson mass measurement with LHCb
Proposes a new approach to reduce PDF uncertainty by a factor of two in an LHCb W boson mass measurement with Run 2 data.
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Impacts of radiative corrections on measurements of lepton flavour universality in $B \to D \ell \nu_{\ell}$ decays
Radiative corrections introduce up to 7% bias on R(D) measurements in LHCb-like pseudo-experiments when using PHOTOS for soft-photon simulation.
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Cold Nuclear Matter Effects on Inclusive $J/\psi$ Production in $p+\text{Au}$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_\text{NN}}$ = 200 GeV with the STAR Experiment
The nuclear modification factor for inclusive J/ψ in p+Au collisions at 200 GeV is consistent with unity in the pT range 4-12 GeV/c, indicating negligible cold nuclear matter effects.
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An Introduction to PYTHIA 8.2
PYTHIA 8.2 is a mature C++ event generator that combines hard processes, parton showers, multiparton interactions, and string fragmentation into a complete simulation framework for high-energy collisions.
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A Brief Introduction to PYTHIA 8.1
PYTHIA 8.1 is a C++ event generator for high-energy collisions featuring updated parton-shower, multiple-interaction, and fragmentation models suited to LHC physics.
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A comparative study of $T_{cc}$ versus $X(3872)$ production in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 7 TeV
Simulations reveal substantial differences in transverse momentum spectra between compact T_cc tetraquarks formed at partonic level and molecular X(3872) states formed at hadronic level, plus production asymmetry and source-characterizing coalescence parameters.
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Prospects for Measuring $H\to \rm{invisble}$ at the FCCee
FCC-ee at 240 GeV with 10.8 ab^{-1} could set a 95% CL upper limit of 0.15% on the branching ratio of Higgs to invisible particles.
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Search for the production of dark Higgs in the framework of Mono-Z$^{\prime}$ portal at the FCC-ee simulated electron-positron collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 240$ GeV
Upper limits at 95% CL are placed on the mass of the dark Higgs boson in the Mono-Z' portal model from simulated FCC-ee data at 240 GeV center-of-mass energy.
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Jarvis-HEP: A lightweight Python framework for workflow composition and parameter scans in high-energy physics
Jarvis-HEP introduces a YAML-based Python framework for composing workflows and performing parameter scans in high-energy physics.
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Probing the electron Yukawa coupling via resonant Higgs boson production at FCC-ee via $e^+e^- \to H \to WW^*$ in lepton-plus-jets final states
Simulation projects 2.0 sigma significance for resonant Higgs production at FCC-ee, yielding an upper limit of kappa_e less than or equal to 1.35 at 95% CL on the electron Yukawa coupling modifier with 10 ab inverse luminosity.
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Monte Carlo Event Generators for Future Lepton Colliders
Reviews selected challenges in Monte Carlo event generators for future lepton colliders including electroweak corrections, initial-state radiation, beam dynamics, perturbative QCD and non-perturbative modelling.
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Science Requirements and Detector Concepts for the Electron-Ion Collider: EIC Yellow Report
The EIC Yellow Report specifies the science goals, required detector capabilities, and technology concepts needed to realize a high-luminosity electron-ion collider program.
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A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3
The paper provides a detailed physics and user manual for the PYTHIA 8.3 Monte Carlo event generator used in high-energy physics.
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FastJet user manual
FastJet is a C++ package providing implementations of sequential recombination jet algorithms, cone algorithms via plugins, jet substructure tools, and pileup estimation for pp and e+e- collisions.
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VBSCan Thessaloniki 2018 Workshop Summary
The document reports the first year of activity of the VBSCan COST Action network on vector-boson scattering phenomenology and experiments from a 2018 workshop.
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The Monte Carlo Ecosystem in High-Energy Physics: A Primer
A primer that surveys the architecture, methodologies, computational challenges, and future trajectory of the Monte Carlo event generator ecosystem in collider physics.