arxiv: 2604.16981 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-18 · ⚛️ physics.med-ph · cs.AI· cs.LG

Recognition: unknown

Light-Adapted Electroretinogram and Oscillatory Potentials (LEOPs) Dataset for Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Individuals

Aleksei Zhdanov, Andreas Maier, Dorothy A. Thompson, Irene O. Lee, Lynne Loh, Mikhail Kulyabin, Paul A. Constable

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 06:49 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.med-ph cs.AIcs.LG

keywords electroretinogramoscillatory potentialsautism spectrum disorderdatasetlight-adapted ERGskin electrodesRET evalneurodevelopmental disorders

0 comments

The pith

The LEOPs dataset supplies 5309 light-adapted ERG waveforms and 4434 oscillatory potential recordings from autism spectrum disorder and control children.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper releases the LEOPs dataset of light-adapted electroretinogram and oscillatory potential waveforms recorded from the right and left eyes of typically developing controls, children with autism spectrum disorder, and those with ASD plus ADHD. Recordings used skin electrodes on a handheld RETeval device at two sites and followed a randomized nine-step flash series plus standard flashes. A sympathetic reader would care because the release includes thousands of individual waveforms, electrode position images, demographics, diagnostic scores, and machine-learning-ready JSON exports that support direct study of retinal responses in neurodevelopmental conditions.

Core claim

The LEOPs dataset contains 5309 single-flash ERG waveforms and 4434 OPs waveforms collected from control, ASD, and ASD+ADHD participants using a 9-step randomized flash series from -0.37 to 1.20 Td.s, plus 2-step and LA3 standard flashes, together with electrode position images, time-domain values, summed OPs values, and participant-level JSON files.

What carries the argument

The LEOPs dataset, which bundles the full set of waveforms, electrode images, demographics, and stimulus protocol files from the RETeval device for reuse in classification and comparison tasks.

Load-bearing premise

Participant diagnostic labels as control, ASD, or ASD+ADHD are accurate and skin-electrode recordings introduce no systematic site-specific or artifactual biases.

What would settle it

Re-recording a subset of the same participants and finding that a substantial fraction of waveforms differ markedly from those in the dataset or that diagnostic labels cannot be independently confirmed.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.16981 by Aleksei Zhdanov, Andreas Maier, Dorothy A. Thompson, Irene O. Lee, Lynne Loh, Mikhail Kulyabin, Paul A. Constable.

**Figure 1.** Figure 1: (a) Eye image files from the RETeval are provided as part of the dataset. Electrode position is a key factor in determining the amplitude of the recorded signal. The manufacturer recommends to place the electrode 2 mm below the lower lid. Images have been subjectively graded as +1 = 1 mm above the recommended height; 0 = at the recommended height; −1 or −2 ∼ 1 or 2 mm below the recommended height respectiv… view at source ↗

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Mean ± 1 SD light-adapted ERG waveforms for the 9-step protocol across three groups: Control (blue), ASD (red), and ASD + ADHD (orange). Each panel shows the grand-average waveform (solid line) with shaded ±1 SD region for a single flash strength. (a) 12 T d.s. (b) 21 T d.s. (c) 35 T d.s. (d) 70 T d.s. (e) 113 T d.s. (f) 178 T d.s. (g) 251 T d.s. (h) 356 T d.s. (i) 446 T d.s. The dashed vertical line indic… view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Mean ± 1 SD Oscillatory Potentials (OPs) waveforms for the 9-step protocol across three groups: Control (blue), ASD (red), and ASD + ADHD (orange). OPs were extracted from the averaged ERG waveform by band-pass digital filtering (85–195 Hz). Each panel shows the grand-average OPs waveform (solid line) with shaded ±1 SD region for a single flash strength. (a) 12 T d.s. (b) 21 T d.s. (c) 35 T d.s. (d) 70 T d… view at source ↗

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Mean ± 1 SD light-adapted ERG waveforms for the 2-step protocol across three groups: Control (blue), ASD (red), and ASD + ADHD (orange). (a) 113 T d.s. (b) 446 T d.s. The recording window extends from −50 to 170 ms, capturing later waveform morphology beyond the b-wave. Oscillatory Potentials waveforms are also shown for the three groups. The n values denote the number of individual waveforms contributing … view at source ↗

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Mean ± 1 SD Oscillatory Potentials (OPs) waveforms for the 2-step protocol across three groups: Control (blue), ASD (red), and ASD + ADHD (orange). (a) 113 T d.s. (b) 446 T d.s. The extended recording window (50 ms baseline, 0–170 ms). The n values denote the number of individual OPs waveforms contributing to each average. 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Time (ms) 10 0 10 20 30 Amplitude (µV) 85 Td·s (+0.48 log cd·s·… view at source ↗

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: Mean ± 1 SD light-adapted ERG waveform for the ISCEV standard LA3 protocol (85 T d.s) across three groups: Control (blue, n=435), ASD (red, n=176), and ASD + ADHD (orange, n=37). The recording parameters include a (20 ms baseline, 0–100 ms recording interval, with 30 averages). 7/12 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_6.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: Stimulus–response function across all three protocols. Mean b-wave amplitude (± SEM) is plotted against flash strength in log cd.s.m −2 (bottom axis) and T d.s (top axis) for each group: Control (blue circles), ASD (red squares), and ASD + ADHD (orange diamonds). (a) 9-step protocol: the non-monotonic photopic hill profile, with amplitude peaking near 70–113 T d.s before declining at higher flash strengths… view at source ↗

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: Inter-ocular consistency of b-wave amplitude across all three protocols. Each point represents the mean b-wave amplitude for a single participant–flash-strength combination, plotted as right eye versus left eye. The dashed grey line indicates perfect agreement (identity line) and the red line shows the linear regression fit. Pearson correlation (r), number of paired observations (n), and mean right–left di… view at source ↗

read the original abstract

The LEOPs (Light-ERG-Oscillatory Potentials) dataset provides light-adapted (LA) electroretinogram (ERG) and Oscillatory Potentials (OPs) waveforms for typically developing Control, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and ASD + Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) childhood and adolescent populations. The ERGs were recorded in the Right And Left eyes with skin electrodes using the handheld RETeval device at two sites in Australia and the United Kingdom. The LEOPs dataset includes 5309 single flash ERG and 4434 OPs waveforms as well as images selected from each participant showing the position of the skin electrode. The LEOPs dataset is constructed from recordings using a 9 step randomized flash series from $-0.37$ to $1.20$~$Td.s$, a 2 step at 113 and 446 $Td.s$ flash strengths (2500 Control, 1730 ASD and 451 ASD + ADHD samples), as well as the $85$~$Td.s$ (Light Adapted 3 $cd.s.m^{-2}$ (LA3)) equivalent International Society of Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) Standard flash with 435 Control, 176 ASD and 37 ASD + ADHD waveform samples. Code for the stimulus is provided along with participant demographics, date and time of testing, and where available diagnostic scores for the ASD and ASD + ADHD groups, alongside iris color, electrode position with image files and time domain values for the ERG and summed values for the OPs. The repository contains excel file, exported JSON files on the patient level that are more suitable for machine learning tasks, images of electrode position for each recording and the protocol files for use with the RETeval.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

This is a clean dataset release paper that puts a new collection of light-adapted ERG and oscillatory potential recordings from ASD and control children into the public domain with usable file formats.

read the letter

The main thing here is the LEOPs dataset itself: 5309 single-flash ERG waveforms and 4434 OPs waveforms from right and left eyes, plus electrode-position photos, demographics, and diagnostic labels for control, ASD, and ASD+ADHD groups. Recordings came from two sites using the RETeval handheld device with skin electrodes and a 9-step randomized flash series plus standard flashes. The authors supply the stimulus code, participant-level JSON files, Excel sheets, and protocol files explicitly set up for machine-learning reuse. That combination of scale, multi-site origin, and ready-to-use packaging is what is actually new compared with earlier smaller ERG studies in autism. The manuscript describes the protocol, stimulus parameters, and export formats without attempting any analysis or biomarker claims, which keeps it straightforward. The description of how the data were collected and packaged looks complete enough for someone to replicate the acquisition or load the files directly. Minor gaps remain on exactly how artifacts were screened and whether any cross-site calibration steps were applied, but these are typical for a first dataset paper and do not break the core claim that the stated number of waveforms exists in the stated format. Diagnostic labels are taken as given, which is standard but will need external checks if the data are used for classification work. This paper is mainly useful to groups already working on retinal electrophysiology in neurodevelopmental conditions or to machine-learning teams looking for physiological time-series data with clinical labels. The documentation is solid enough that a serious editor should send it to referees rather than desk-reject it; the value is in the data release itself, not in any novel interpretation.

Referee Report

0 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript describes the LEOPs dataset of light-adapted ERG and oscillatory potentials (OPs) waveforms recorded from control, ASD, and ASD+ADHD children and adolescents using skin electrodes on the RETeval device at two sites. It reports 5309 single-flash ERG waveforms and 4434 OPs waveforms generated from a 9-step randomized flash series (-0.37 to 1.20 Td.s) plus additional standard flashes at 85, 113, and 446 Td.s, together with electrode-position images, participant demographics, diagnostic scores, iris color, time-domain ERG values, summed OPs values, Excel/JSON files, and RETeval protocol files with stimulus code.

Significance. If the data are as described, the release supplies a sizable, openly accessible collection of LA-ERG and OPs recordings from neurodevelopmental cohorts that can support biomarker discovery, group-difference analyses, and machine-learning applications. Strengths include the randomized multi-step flash protocol, provision of participant-level JSON files optimized for ML reuse, electrode-position images, protocol files, and stimulus code, all of which enhance reproducibility and downstream utility.

minor comments (3)

[Methods] Methods section: the protocol description does not specify the artifact-rejection criteria or automated/manual selection rules applied to retain the 5309 ERG and 4434 OPs waveforms; adding this information would allow users to assess potential selection bias.
[Dataset description] Results/Dataset description: no table or text breakdown is given of the number of participants or waveforms per diagnostic group and per recording site (Australia vs. UK), which would help evaluate possible site-specific calibration or population effects.
[Dataset description] The manuscript states that diagnostic scores are included 'where available' but does not report the proportion of ASD/ASD+ADHD cases with scores or the instruments used; clarifying this would strengthen the dataset documentation.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive summary and assessment of the significance of the LEOPs dataset. The recommendation for minor revision is noted, but no specific major comments were provided in the report.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity

full rationale

The manuscript is a pure dataset release paper. It describes the LEOPs collection of 5309 single-flash ERG and 4434 OPs waveforms recorded under a stated 9-step randomized flash protocol plus standard flashes, supplies participant demographics, electrode images, JSON/Excel exports, and stimulus code, and states the diagnostic groupings. No equations, predictions, first-principles derivations, or load-bearing claims appear anywhere in the text; the central assertions are factual descriptions of data provenance and file contents. Consequently no step reduces to its own inputs by construction, self-citation, or fitted-parameter renaming.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

The paper introduces no free parameters, axioms, or invented entities; it is a descriptive dataset release without theoretical modeling or new postulated quantities.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5664 in / 1047 out tokens · 55929 ms · 2026-05-10T06:49:43.309761+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

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