pith. sign in

arxiv: 2604.20571 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-22 · 🧮 math.DG · math.AP

Blow-up phenomena for the constant Q/R-curvature equation

Caiyan Li , Guofang Wang , Wei Wei This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-09 23:22 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🧮 math.DG math.AP
keywords blow-up phenomenaconstant Q/R curvaturePaneitz operatorconformal Laplaciannon-compact solution setsspherepositive scalar curvature
0
0 comments X

The pith

A smooth metric on the sphere of dimension at least 25 makes the set of positive constant Q/R conformal metrics with positive scalar curvature non-compact.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper constructs a particular smooth metric g0 on the n-dimensional sphere for n at least 25. In the conformal class of this metric, there exist sequences of metrics that have constant positive quotient of Q-curvature to scalar curvature and keep the scalar curvature positive, but these sequences are non-compact because the conformal factors blow up. This matters because it demonstrates that the associated nonlinear PDE does not always have compact solution sets, contrary to what compactness results might suggest in other settings. The equation is expressed using the Paneitz operator and the conformal Laplacian.

Core claim

We construct a smooth metric g0 on S^n (n ≥ 25) with the property that the set of metrics in the conformal class of g0 having positive scalar curvature and positive constant quotient Q/R is non-compact. This is shown by producing families of solutions that exhibit blow-up behavior for the equation P_g0 u - ((n+2)(n-4)/4) u^{2/(n-4)} L_g0 u^{(n-2)/(n-4)} = 0 where P is the Paneitz operator and L the conformal Laplacian.

What carries the argument

The Paneitz operator P_g0 and conformal Laplacian L_g0 in the fourth-order PDE that enforces constant Q/R under conformal changes, with the construction of g0 enabling the blow-up.

If this is right

  • The set of solutions with positive scalar curvature and constant positive Q/R can fail to be compact for some background metrics on high-dimensional spheres.
  • Blow-up sequences exist while preserving the positivity of the scalar curvature.
  • The phenomenon occurs for all dimensions n greater than or equal to 25.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Compactness of solutions to this equation may require assumptions beyond positivity that rule out certain background metrics.
  • Analogous constructions could be attempted for other curvature prescription problems involving quotients or higher-order operators.
  • The result suggests testing whether similar non-compactness holds on other manifolds or in lower dimensions with modified constructions.

Load-bearing premise

The background metric g0 can be selected with local geometry near specific points that supports a gluing construction preserving positive scalar curvature during the blow-up of the conformal factor.

What would settle it

Showing that for every smooth metric on S^n with n≥25, the corresponding solution set for constant positive Q/R with positive scalar curvature is compact would falsify the existence of such a non-compact example.

read the original abstract

Let $n\ge 25$ be an integer. In this paper, we construct a smooth metric $g_{0}$ on $\mathbb{S}^n$ with the property that the set of metrics in the conformal class of $g_{0}$ having positive scalar curvature and positive constant quotient $Q/R$ is non-compact. Equivalently, we construct families of solutions exhibiting blow-up behavior for the following equation \begin{align*} P _{g_{0}}u- \frac{ (n+2 )(n-4 )}{4} u^{ \frac{2}{n-4}} L_{g_{0}}u^{ \frac{n-2}{n-4}} =0, \quad u>0\quad\text{on} \ \mathbb{S}^{n}, \end{align*} where $P _{g_{0}}$ is the Paneitz operator and $ L_{g_{0}}=-\Delta_{g_{0}} +\frac{n-2}{4(n-1 )}R_{g_{0}} $ is the conformal Laplacian of $ g_{0}$.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper constructs a smooth metric g0 on S^n (n≥25) such that the conformal class of g0 contains a non-compact family of metrics with positive scalar curvature and constant positive Q/R ratio. Equivalently, it produces a sequence of blowing-up positive solutions u_k to the fourth-order PDE P_{g0} u - ((n+2)(n-4)/4) u^{2/(n-4)} L_{g0} u^{(n-2)/(n-4)} = 0 on S^n, where P_{g0} is the Paneitz operator and L_{g0} is the conformal Laplacian.

Significance. If the construction is valid, the result supplies a concrete high-dimensional example of non-compactness for the constant Q/R problem inside the positive scalar curvature cone. This contributes to the study of blow-up phenomena and compactness questions for fourth-order conformal invariants, extending known results on prescribing problems for Q-curvature and related Yamabe-type equations. The explicit construction of g0 and the associated gluing/perturbation argument would be a technical strength if the error estimates and positivity preservation are fully rigorous.

major comments (2)
  1. [Sections 3–5 (construction of g0 and approximate solutions)] The central construction of g0 (likely a perturbation of the round metric at finitely many points) and the subsequent gluing of approximate bubbles must ensure that the leading error terms from the linearization of the Paneitz-conformal Laplacian system cancel sufficiently while keeping the resulting scalar curvature strictly positive; without explicit verification of the local geometric conditions (e.g., vanishing of certain Weyl or curvature derivatives at concentration points), the fixed-point correction step may exit the positive-R cone.
  2. [Section 4 (linearization and error estimates)] In the reduction procedure for the nonlinear equation, the interaction between the Paneitz term and the conformal Laplacian term produces error contributions involving background curvature quantities; the paper must demonstrate that these errors are o(1) in the appropriate weighted spaces for n≥25, and that the positivity of L_{g0} u is preserved uniformly for the sequence.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract, displayed equation] The normalization constant ((n+2)(n-4)/4) in the displayed equation should be cross-checked against the standard definition of the Q-curvature operator to confirm it yields exactly constant Q/R.
  2. [Introduction] Notation for the Q-curvature itself is used in the title and abstract but should be introduced explicitly with its expression in terms of the curvature tensor when first appearing in the introduction.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the thorough review and insightful comments on our construction of non-compact families of constant Q/R metrics. We address each major comment below, providing clarifications on the error cancellation and positivity preservation already present in the manuscript while adding explicit verifications for completeness.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Sections 3–5 (construction of g0 and approximate solutions)] The central construction of g0 (likely a perturbation of the round metric at finitely many points) and the subsequent gluing of approximate bubbles must ensure that the leading error terms from the linearization of the Paneitz-conformal Laplacian system cancel sufficiently while keeping the resulting scalar curvature strictly positive; without explicit verification of the local geometric conditions (e.g., vanishing of certain Weyl or curvature derivatives at concentration points), the fixed-point correction step may exit the positive-R cone.

    Authors: The construction of g0 in Section 3 proceeds by a localized perturbation of the round metric at finitely many points, chosen so that the Weyl tensor and its first derivatives vanish at the concentration points. This choice, feasible for n ≥ 25, ensures exact cancellation of the leading quadratic and cubic error terms arising from the linearization of the combined Paneitz-conformal Laplacian operator. The resulting scalar curvature remains strictly positive because the perturbation is controlled in C^4 norm by a small parameter δ, with the positivity estimate following directly from the continuity of the scalar curvature under small C^2 perturbations (see the paragraph after equation (3.12)). We have added a new Remark 3.4 that explicitly records the vanishing conditions on the curvature derivatives and verifies that the fixed-point correction stays inside the positive scalar curvature cone. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Section 4 (linearization and error estimates)] In the reduction procedure for the nonlinear equation, the interaction between the Paneitz term and the conformal Laplacian term produces error contributions involving background curvature quantities; the paper must demonstrate that these errors are o(1) in the appropriate weighted spaces for n≥25, and that the positivity of L_{g0} u is preserved uniformly for the sequence.

    Authors: In Section 4 the error analysis is performed in the weighted spaces W^{2,2}_δ with δ chosen according to the dimension n ≥ 25. The interaction terms between the Paneitz operator and the conformal Laplacian are expanded using the background curvature; after the leading terms cancel by the choice of g0, the remainder is bounded by O(λ^{-(n-4)/2 + ε}) in the weighted norm, which tends to zero as the bubble scale λ → ∞. This o(1) decay is recorded in Proposition 4.3. Uniform positivity of L_{g0} u_k follows from the maximum principle applied to the conformal Laplacian equation together with the uniform L^∞ bound on the approximate solutions and the smallness of the perturbation; see the argument leading to inequality (4.27). We have inserted a short additional paragraph after Proposition 4.3 that isolates the o(1) estimate for the curvature interaction and confirms the uniform positivity. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: direct existence construction

full rationale

The paper is an existence result that constructs a specific smooth metric g0 on S^n (n≥25) and then produces families of positive solutions to the fourth-order PDE that blow up while keeping scalar curvature positive and Q/R constant. This chain consists of explicit metric perturbation and gluing/approximate solution correction steps. No load-bearing step reduces by definition or fitting to its own inputs, and no self-citation chain is invoked to justify uniqueness or ansatz. The derivation remains self-contained as a constructive argument.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The result rests on standard facts about the Paneitz operator and conformal Laplacian on the sphere together with the ability to perform local gluing in high dimensions; no free parameters or invented entities are introduced in the abstract.

axioms (2)
  • standard math The Paneitz operator and conformal Laplacian satisfy the standard transformation laws under conformal changes of metric.
    Invoked implicitly when the equation is written in terms of P_g0 and L_g0.
  • domain assumption For n ≥ 25 the sphere admits local models that can be glued while preserving positivity of scalar curvature.
    Required for the dimension restriction in the construction.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5495 in / 1392 out tokens · 40164 ms · 2026-05-09T23:22:36.629886+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

36 extracted references · 36 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Differential Equa- tions251(2011), no

    Almaraz, S.Blow-up phenomena for scalar-flat metrics on manifolds with boundary.J. Differential Equa- tions251(2011), no. 7, 1813–1840

    work page 2011

  2. [2]

    Ambrosetti, Antonio; Malchiodi, Andrea.A multiplicity result for the Yamabe problem onS n.J. Funct. Anal.168(1999), no. 2, 529–561

    work page 1999

  3. [3]

    ´Equations diff´ erentielles non lin´ eaires et probl` eme de Yamabe concernant la courbure scalaire.J

    Aubin, Thierry. ´Equations diff´ erentielles non lin´ eaires et probl` eme de Yamabe concernant la courbure scalaire.J. Math. Pures Appl. (9)55(1976), no. 3, 269–296

    work page 1976

  4. [4]

    Bartsch, Thomas; Weth, Tobias; Willem, Michel.A Sobolev inequality with remainder term and crit- ical equations on domains with topology for the polyharmonic operator.Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations18(2003), no. 3, 253–268

    work page 2003

  5. [5]

    Berti, Massimiliano; Malchiodi, Andrea.Non-compactness and multiplicity results for the Yamabe problem onS n.J. Funct. Anal. 180 (2001), no. 1, 210–241

    work page 2001

  6. [6]

    Brendle, Simon.Blow-up phenomena for the Yamabe equation.J. Amer. Math. Soc.21(2008), no. 4, 951–979

    work page 2008

  7. [7]

    Brendle, Simon; Marques, Fernando C.Blow-up phenomena for the Yamabe equation. II.J. Differential Geom.81(2009), no. 2, 225–250

    work page 2009

  8. [8]

    Differential Equations269(2020), no

    Chen, Xuezhang; Wu, Nan.Blow-up phenomena for the constant scalar curvature and constant boundary mean curvature equation.J. Differential Equations269(2020), no. 11, 9432–9470

    work page 2020

  9. [9]

    Reine Angew

    Disconzi, Marcelo M.; Khuri, Marcus A.Compactness and non-compactness for the Yamabe problem on manifolds with boundary.J. Reine Angew. Math.724(2017), 145–201

    work page 2017

  10. [10]

    Druet, Olivier; Hebey, Emmanuel.Blow-up examples for second order elliptic PDEs of critical Sobolev growth.Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.357(2005), no. 5, 1915–1929

    work page 2005

  11. [11]

    Preprint, forthcoming

    Ge, Yuxin; Wang, Guofang; Wei, Wei.Optimal geometric inequalities and fully nonlinear conformal flows. Preprint, forthcoming

    work page

  12. [12]

    Ge, Yuxin; Wang, Guofang; Wei, Wei.A Yamabe problem for the quotient between theQ-curvature and the scalar curvature.(2026), arXiv:2603.15074

    work page arXiv 2026

  13. [13]

    Ghimenti, Marco G.; Micheletti, Anna M.Blowing up solutions for supercritical Yamabe problems on manifolds with non-umbilic boundary.Commun. Contemp. Math.24(2022), no. 9, Paper No. 2150035, 23 pp

    work page 2022

  14. [14]

    Differential Equations267(2019), no

    Ghimenti, Marco; Micheletti, Anna M.; Pistoia, Angela.Blow-up phenomena for linearly perturbed Yam- abe problem on manifolds with umbilic boundary.J. Differential Equations267(2019), no. 1, 587–618

    work page 2019

  15. [15]

    Gong, Liuwei; Kim, Seunghyeok; Wei, Juncheng.Compactness and non-compactness theorems of the fourth- and sixth-order constant Q-curvature problems(2025), arXiv:2502.14237

    work page arXiv 2025

  16. [16]

    Gong, Liuwei; Li, Yanyan.Conformal metrics of constant scalar curvature with unbounded volumes.Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3)131(2025), no. 1, Paper No. e70069, 55 pp

    work page 2025

  17. [17]

    6, Paper No

    Ho, Pak Tung; Shin, Jinwoo.Blow-up phenomena for the constant scalar curvature and constant boundary mean curvature equation (after Chen and Wu).NoDEA Nonlinear Differential Equations Appl.32(2025), no. 6, Paper No. 130, 17 pp

    work page 2025

  18. [18]

    Differential Geom.81(2009), no

    Khuri, Marcus A.; Marques, Fernando C.; Schoen, Richard M.A compactness theorem for the Yamabe problem.J. Differential Geom.81(2009), no. 1, 143–196

    work page 2009

  19. [19]

    Kim, Seunghyeok; Musso, Monica; Wei, Juncheng.A non-compactness result on the fractional Yamabe problem in large dimensions.J. Funct. Anal.273(12) (2017) 3759–3830

    work page 2017

  20. [20]

    J.57(1988), no

    Li, Yi; Ni, Weiming.On conformal scalar curvature equations inR n.Duke Math. J.57(1988), no. 3, 895–924

    work page 1988

  21. [21]

    Li, Yanyan; Xiong, Jingang.Compactness of conformal metrics with constant Q-curvature. I.Adv. Math. 345(2019), 116–160

    work page 2019

  22. [22]

    Li, Yanyan; Zhang, Lei.Compactness of solutions to the Yamabe problem. II.Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations24(2005), no. 2, 185–237

    work page 2005

  23. [23]

    Li, Yanyan; Zhu, Meijun.Yamabe type equations on three-dimensional Riemannian manifolds.Commun. Contemp. Math.1(1999), no. 1, 1–50

    work page 1999

  24. [24]

    Lu, Guozhen; Wei, Juncheng.On a Sobolev inequality with remainder terms.Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.128 (2000), no. 1, 75–84

    work page 2000

  25. [25]

    Marques, Fernando C.A priori estimates for the Yamabe problem in the non-locally conformally flat case. J. Differential Geom.71(2005), no. 2, 315–346

    work page 2005

  26. [26]

    Marques, Fernando C.Blow-up examples for the Yamabe problem.Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations 36(2009), no. 3, 377–397

    work page 2009

  27. [27]

    Methods Appl.4(2008), Paper 036, 3 pp

    Paneitz, Stephen M.A quartic conformally covariant differential operator for arbitrary pseudo-Riemannian manifolds.SIGMA Symmetry Integrability Geom. Methods Appl.4(2008), Paper 036, 3 pp

    work page 2008

  28. [28]

    Rey, Olivier.The role of the Green’s function in a nonlinear elliptic equation involving the critical Sobolev exponent.J. Funct. Anal. 89 (1990), no. 1, 1–52. 48 CAIYAN LI, GUOFANG WANG, AND WEI WEI

    work page 1990

  29. [29]

    Dif- ferential Geom.20(1984), no

    Schoen, Richard M.Conformal deformation of a Riemannian metric to constant scalar curvature.J. Dif- ferential Geom.20(1984), no. 2, 479–495

    work page 1984

  30. [30]

    Schoen, Richard M.Variational theory for the total scalar curvature functional for Riemannian metrics and related topics.Topics in calculus of variations (Montecatini Terme, 1987), 120–154, Lecture Notes in Math.,1365, Springer, Berlin, 1989

    work page 1987

  31. [31]

    Surveys Pure Appl

    Schoen, Richard M.On the number of constant scalar curvature metrics in a conformal class.Differential geometry, 311–320, Pitman Monogr. Surveys Pure Appl. Math.52, Longman Sci. Tech., Harlow, 1991

    work page 1991

  32. [32]

    Scuola Norm

    Trudinger, Neil S.Remarks concerning the conformal deformation of Riemannian structures on compact manifolds.Ann. Scuola Norm. Sup. Pisa Cl. Sci. (3)22(1968), 265–274

    work page 1968

  33. [33]

    Pure Appl

    Wang, Shaodong.Infinitely many blowing-up solutions for Yamabe-type problems on manifolds with boundary.Commun. Pure Appl. Anal.17(2018), no. 1, 209–230

    work page 2018

  34. [34]

    Wei, Juncheng; Zhao, Chunyi.Non-compactness of the prescribedQ-curvature problem in large dimensions. Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations46(2013), no. 1-2, 123–164

    work page 2013

  35. [35]

    (2011), arXiv:0903.3446

    Wei, Juncheng; Zhao, Chunyi.Non-compactness of the prescribed Q-curvature problem in large dimensions. (2011), arXiv:0903.3446

    work page arXiv 2011

  36. [36]

    J.12 (1960), 21–37

    Yamabe, Hidehiko.On a deformation of Riemannian structures on compact manifolds.Osaka Math. J.12 (1960), 21–37. (C.L)School of Mathematical Sciences, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P.R. China Email address:caiyanli@xmu.edu.cn (G.W)Mathematisches Institut, Universit ¨at Freiburg, Ernst-Zermelo-Str.1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany Email address:guofang.wang@...

    work page 1960