pith. machine review for the scientific record. sign in

arxiv: 2605.04240 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-05 · ⚛️ physics.acc-ph · hep-ex· nucl-ex· physics.app-ph· physics.atom-ph

Recognition: unknown

Gamma Factory: A New Experimental Paradigm for CERN's HL-LHC--FCC-ee Transition

Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-08 17:10 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.acc-ph hep-exnucl-exphysics.app-phphysics.atom-ph
keywords beamsatomiccernexperimentalionslaserphotonaccelerator
0
0 comments X

The pith

Partially stripped ions stored in the LHC can be laser-excited to generate gamma-ray beams orders of magnitude more intense than existing sources.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper proposes storing beams of partially stripped ions in the LHC after acceleration and cooling so that the ions act as an effective atomic trap. Laser pulses then resonantly excite the internal states of these relativistic ions to produce high-energy, collimated, and polarized secondary gamma-ray beams. These gamma beams can drive the creation of tertiary beams of electrons, positrons, muons, neutrons, radioactive ions, and tagged neutrinos at intensities never previously reached. The same processes could even be configured to generate electrical power for LHC operation. The resulting platform of cold atomic beams, intense photon beams, and tertiary beams would open experiments across particle, nuclear, atomic, and applied physics while using existing CERN infrastructure to span the HL-LHC to FCC transition period.

Core claim

The Gamma Factory proposal establishes that interactions between laser pulses stored in Fabry-Perot cavities and circulating beams of highly relativistic partially stripped ions in the LHC produce high-energy, highly collimated, and polarized secondary photon beams whose intensities exceed those of existing gamma-ray sources by several orders of magnitude. These photon beams can further generate unprecedented-intensity tertiary beams of polarised electrons, positrons, muons, neutrons, radioactive ions, and flavour- or CP-tagged neutrinos. Under a specific configuration the same photon-driven processes may be exploited to generate the plug-power required for LHC operation. Cold relativistic原子

What carries the argument

The Gamma Factory scheme in which highly relativistic partially stripped ions stored in the LHC serve as an effective atomic trap whose internal degrees of freedom are resonantly excited by laser photons, producing intense secondary gamma rays.

If this is right

  • High-intensity polarized gamma-ray beams become available for experiments.
  • Tertiary beams of polarized electrons, positrons, muons, neutrons, radioactive ions, and tagged neutrinos can be produced at high luminosity.
  • New research programs become possible at the intersection of particle, nuclear, atomic, fundamental, and applied physics.
  • Photon-driven processes can be configured to generate the electrical power needed for LHC operation.
  • The scheme supplies a cost-effective experimental path bridging the HL-LHC era and the future FCC era using current infrastructure.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Successful operation would allow precision measurements of nuclear structure or fundamental constants that rely on the extreme collimation and polarization of the gamma beams.
  • The ion-beam cooling and laser-cavity technologies developed for the scheme could be transferred to other existing accelerators to expand their scientific reach without new construction.
  • The energy-recovery configuration points to a practical route for reducing the net power consumption of future high-energy colliders.
  • Demonstration of the tertiary neutrino beams would open a new avenue for studying neutrino properties using flavor-tagged or CP-tagged sources.
  • keywords=[

Load-bearing premise

Partially stripped ion beams can be produced, accelerated, cooled, and stored at LHC energies with sufficient lifetime and low enough emittance for resonant laser excitation to produce the required gamma intensities.

What would settle it

Demonstration that partially stripped ions cannot be cooled and stored at LHC energies with the lifetime and emittance needed for resonant laser excitation, or that the resulting gamma-ray intensities fall short of predictions by more than one order of magnitude.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.04240 by Mieczyslaw Witold Krasny.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: The GF photon source scheme. For its high-intensity implementation, the Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity is used to recirculate laser pulses. Since the resonant-peak absorption cross-section is up to nine orders of magnitude larger than that for the photon-electron collisions, a leap of many orders of magnitude in the photon source intensity is expected. The expected leap in the GF photon source flux and energy wit… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: The expected energy and the photon flux of the GF photon source, compared to the existing, and the future Free Electron Laser (FEL), and Inverse Compton Scattering (ICS) photon sources. Gamma Factory aims to extend the FEL’s photon energy range by a factor of 104 , while preserving FEL-like fluxes. In the ICS energy region, a leap in the achievable photon flux, by a factor of up to 107 , is expected in the… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Primary PSI beams in the SPS/LHC storage rings and the production scheme of the GF secondary and tertiary beams. approach afflicts both experiment and theory, and if I have any concern about how the field is developing, it is about this point I worry the most." – J.D. Bjorken (Bj) The Gamma Factory (GF) has the potential to extend the CERN scientific programme far beyond its present boundaries by introduci… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Schematic layout of Gamma Factory photon-beam production and extraction points for selected physics applications. In the initial phase, a single laser station and experimental cavern would suffice to launch the programme. Additional stations can be implemented on different accelerator rings, provided that the PSI beams do not intersect. multiple experimental setups, enabling parallel research activities. B… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Left: thermal power of the Gamma-Factory-driven nuclear reactor for different laser-photon wavelengths; Right: transmutation capacity for long-lived fission products in the GF-driven ANES system. See [22] for details. Physics [7]. This option combines strong scientific motivation with a number of well-recognised practical advantages, which are worth enumerating explicitly. The FCC-ee is supported by a larg… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The Gamma Factory (GF) proposal \cite{Krasny:2015ffb} is motivated by the recognition of a largely untapped potential of the CERN accelerator complex to enable a new research programme at the intersection of particle, nuclear, atomic, fundamental, and applied physics. The central concept is to produce, accelerate, cool, and store atomic beams of highly relativistic partially stripped ions in the LHC, which would serve as an effective atomic trap. The internal degrees of freedom of these ions are then resonantly excited using laser photons. In the GF scheme, laser-cooled atomic beams serve both as high-precision probes and as low-emittance beam sources for high-luminosity LHC operation in the ion-ion collision mode. Interactions between laser pulses stored in Fabry--Perot cavities and circulating ion beams give rise to high-energy, highly collimated, and polarised secondary photon beams. Their expected intensities exceed those of existing gamma-ray sources by several orders of magnitude. These photon beams can further be used to generate unprecedented-intensity, tertiary beams of polarised electrons, positrons, muons, neutrons, radioactive ions, and flavour- or CP-tagged neutrinos. Furthermore, under a specific configuration, the same photon-driven processes may be exploited in an energy-production scheme generating the requisite plug-power for LHC operation. Together, cold relativistic atomic beams, high-intensity photon beams, and tertiary beams constitute a versatile experimental platform capable of opening a wide range of new scientific opportunities at CERN. By exploiting existing accelerator infrastructure and available state-of-the-art laser technologies, the GF offers a path to a cost-effective and timely programme capable of sustaining experimental innovation and bridging the gap between the HL-LHC era and the future FCC era.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes the Gamma Factory (GF) as a new experimental paradigm at CERN, using accelerated, cooled, and stored beams of partially stripped relativistic ions in the LHC as an effective atomic trap. Resonant laser excitation via Fabry-Perot cavities produces high-intensity, collimated, polarized gamma-ray beams whose intensities are expected to exceed current sources by several orders of magnitude; these secondary beams can then generate tertiary beams of polarized electrons, positrons, muons, neutrons, radioactive ions, and neutrinos. The proposal emphasizes exploitation of existing HL-LHC infrastructure for a cost-effective program bridging to the FCC era, with an additional configuration for energy production, and positions the combination of cold atomic beams, photon beams, and tertiary beams as a versatile platform for particle, nuclear, atomic, fundamental, and applied physics.

Significance. If the required beam parameters prove achievable, the GF concept could deliver gamma-ray fluxes orders of magnitude above existing facilities, enabling qualitatively new experiments across multiple disciplines while maximizing return on CERN's existing accelerator complex. The interdisciplinary integration of atomic physics with high-energy beams is a notable strength of the vision, and the framing as a bridge between HL-LHC and FCC operations provides a timely context. However, the manuscript remains a high-level conceptual outline without quantitative modeling, so its ultimate significance hinges on subsequent technical validation.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract and GF scheme description] The central claim that laser-cooled partially stripped ion beams can serve as a low-emittance atomic trap for resonant excitation at LHC energies rests on the unquantified assumption that such beams can be produced, accelerated, cooled, and stored with sufficient lifetime and emittance. No beam-dynamics estimates, cooling-rate calculations, or lifetime projections appear in the manuscript to support this load-bearing premise.
  2. [Abstract] The statement that secondary photon-beam intensities exceed those of existing gamma-ray sources by several orders of magnitude is presented as an expected outcome without any supporting luminosity, cross-section, or cavity-enhancement calculation, nor reference to detailed prior simulations beyond the 2015 citation. This quantitative gap directly affects the asserted scientific reach.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Overall structure] The manuscript would benefit from a dedicated section or table summarizing the key beam parameters (energy, emittance, intensity, lifetime) required for the scheme and the technological readiness level of each.
  2. [GF scheme description] Notation for the Fabry-Perot cavity and laser-ion interaction geometry is introduced without a schematic or equation defining the resonance condition, which would aid clarity for readers outside the immediate collaboration.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful and constructive review of our manuscript. We appreciate the emphasis on the need for quantitative support for the core assumptions of the Gamma Factory concept. This manuscript is framed as a high-level conceptual outline of the overall paradigm and its scientific opportunities, with detailed technical calculations residing in the cited prior literature. We address each major comment below and have revised the manuscript to strengthen the presentation of supporting references and key parameter summaries.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract and GF scheme description] The central claim that laser-cooled partially stripped ion beams can serve as a low-emittance atomic trap for resonant excitation at LHC energies rests on the unquantified assumption that such beams can be produced, accelerated, cooled, and stored with sufficient lifetime and emittance. No beam-dynamics estimates, cooling-rate calculations, or lifetime projections appear in the manuscript to support this load-bearing premise.

    Authors: We agree that the present manuscript does not reproduce the full set of beam-dynamics simulations. The production, acceleration, laser cooling, and storage of partially stripped relativistic ions, together with the associated emittance, lifetime, and cooling-rate estimates, are quantified in the foundational 2015 proposal and in subsequent dedicated technical papers on relativistic laser cooling and intra-beam scattering at LHC energies. In the revised manuscript we have added a short paragraph in the introduction that explicitly summarizes the key performance parameters (e.g., achievable emittance after laser cooling and expected beam lifetime) and directs the reader to those references for the underlying calculations. This addition makes the supporting evidence more visible while preserving the conceptual scope of the paper. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Abstract] The statement that secondary photon-beam intensities exceed those of existing gamma-ray sources by several orders of magnitude is presented as an expected outcome without any supporting luminosity, cross-section, or cavity-enhancement calculation, nor reference to detailed prior simulations beyond the 2015 citation. This quantitative gap directly affects the asserted scientific reach.

    Authors: The orders-of-magnitude intensity gain is obtained from the product of the resonant atomic excitation cross-section, the circulating ion-beam luminosity, and the power-enhancement factor of the Fabry-Perot cavity. These quantities and the resulting gamma-ray flux estimates are calculated in the 2015 reference and in follow-up studies on cavity-enhanced photon production with relativistic ions. We have revised both the abstract and the main text to include a concise statement of the luminosity and cavity-enhancement values together with additional citations to the detailed simulations. The revised wording now makes clear that the intensity claim rests on those prior quantitative results rather than on new calculations presented here. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; conceptual proposal with no derivations

full rationale

The manuscript is a forward-looking conceptual proposal for the Gamma Factory at CERN. It contains no equations, fitted parameters, quantitative derivations, or predictive models that could reduce to inputs by construction. The central claims describe a vision for producing and using partially stripped ion beams, laser excitation, and secondary beams, all framed as contingent on successful future implementation of beam parameters. Self-citation to prior work (Krasny:2015ffb) is present but serves only as background motivation and does not bear the load of any derivation or uniqueness claim within this paper. No self-definitional steps, fitted-input predictions, or ansatz smuggling occur. The argument structure is consistent with a high-level experimental roadmap rather than a closed mathematical or empirical derivation.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 1 invented entities

The proposal rests on domain assumptions about accelerator performance and laser technology without independent verification or new derivations.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption The LHC ring can be operated with partially stripped ion beams at relativistic energies while maintaining sufficient beam lifetime and low emittance for laser interactions.
    Invoked throughout the description of storing and exciting the ions.
  • domain assumption State-of-the-art laser and Fabry-Perot cavity technology can deliver the required photon flux and resonance conditions inside the accelerator environment.
    Assumed for the production of high-intensity secondary beams.
invented entities (1)
  • Gamma Factory no independent evidence
    purpose: A combined system of laser-excited relativistic ion beams, gamma sources, and tertiary particle beams at CERN.
    The central proposed entity; no independent evidence outside the proposal itself is given.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5623 in / 1469 out tokens · 59536 ms · 2026-05-08T17:10:24.627179+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

73 extracted references · 59 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Krasny, M. W. The Gamma Factory proposal for CERN.arXiv:1511.07794 [hep-ex](2015). 1511. 07794

    work page arXiv 2015

  2. [2]

    Abada, A.et al.FCC Physics Opportunities: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report V olume 1.Eur. Phys. J. C79, 474, DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-6904-3 (2019)

    work page doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-6904-3 2019

  3. [3]

    Abada, A.et al.FCC-ee: The Lepton Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report V olume 2.Eur. Phys. J. ST228, 261–623, DOI: 10.1140/epjst/e2019-900045-4 (2019)

    work page doi:10.1140/epjst/e2019-900045-4 2019

  4. [4]

    Abada, A.et al.FCC-hh: The Hadron Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report V olume 3.Eur. Phys. J. ST228, 755–1107, DOI: 10.1140/epjst/e2019-900087-0 (2019)

    work page doi:10.1140/epjst/e2019-900087-0 2019

  5. [5]

    & Lindstrom, C

    Foster, B., D’Arcy, R. & Lindstrom, C. A. A hybrid, asymmetric, linear Higgs factory based on plasma- wakefield and radio-frequency acceleration.New J. Phys.25, 093037, DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/acf395 (2023). 2303.10150

    work page doi:10.1088/1367-2630/acf395 2023

  6. [6]

    Monogr.2/2024, 176, DOI: 10.23731/CYRM-2024-002 (2024)

    Accettura, C.et al.Interim report for the International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC).CERN Yellow Rep. Monogr.2/2024, 176, DOI: 10.23731/CYRM-2024-002 (2024). 2407.12450

    work page doi:10.23731/cyrm-2024-002 2024

  7. [7]

    Group, T. E. S. THE EUROPEAN STRATEGY FOR PARTICLE PHYSICS: 2026 UPDATE Delibera- tion Document (2026)

    2026

  8. [8]

    Lifetime and Beam Losses Studies of Partially Strip Ions in the SPS (129Xe39+),

    S. Hirlaenderet al., “Lifetime and Beam Losses Studies of Partially Strip Ions in the SPS (129Xe39+)," in Proc. IPAC 18, Vancouver, Canada, Apr.-May 2018, pp. 4070–4072. doi:10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2018- THPMF015

    work page doi:10.18429/jacow-ipac2018- 2018

  9. [9]

    M.et al.Charge state tailoring of relativistic heavy ion beams for the Gamma Factory project at CERN.X Ray Spectrom.49, 25–28, DOI: 10.1002/xrs.3039 (2019)

    Kröger, F. M.et al.Charge state tailoring of relativistic heavy ion beams for the Gamma Factory project at CERN.X Ray Spectrom.49, 25–28, DOI: 10.1002/xrs.3039 (2019)

    work page doi:10.1002/xrs.3039 2019

  10. [10]

    First partially stripped ions in the LHC ( 208Pb81+),

    M. Schaumann, R. Alemany-Fernández, H. Bartosik, T. Bohl, R. Bruce, G. H. Hemelsoet, S. Hirlaen- der, J. Jowett, V . Kain and M. Krasny,et al.“First partially stripped ions in the LHC ( 208Pb81+),” doi:10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-MOPRB055

    work page doi:10.18429/jacow-ipac2019-moprb055

  11. [11]

    Gorzawski, A.et al.Collimation of partially stripped ions in the CERN Large Hadron Collider.Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams23, 101002, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.23.101002 (2020). 2007.12507

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevaccelbeams.23.101002 2020

  12. [12]

    APL Photon.10, 070901, DOI: 10.1063/5.0268201 (2025)

    Roiková, E.et al.Yb-based high-power frequency combs for high-intensity laser–particle interactions. APL Photon.10, 070901, DOI: 10.1063/5.0268201 (2025)

    work page doi:10.1063/5.0268201 2025

  13. [13]

    InCompact EUV & X-ray Light Sources 2024, DOI: 10.1364/euvxray.2024.etu3a.3 (2024)

    Granados, E.et al.Prospects for extreme light sources at the CERN accelerator complex. InCompact EUV & X-ray Light Sources 2024, DOI: 10.1364/euvxray.2024.etu3a.3 (2024)

    work page doi:10.1364/euvxray.2024.etu3a.3 2024

  14. [14]

    Budker, J

    Budker, D.et al.Atomic Physics Studies at the Gamma Factory at CERN.Annalen Phys.532, 2000204, DOI: 10.1002/andp.202000204 (2020). 2003.03855

    work page doi:10.1002/andp.202000204 2020

  15. [15]

    Jin, J.et al.Excitation and probing of low-energy nuclear states at high-energy storage rings.Phys. Rev. Res.5, 023134, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevResearch.5.023134 (2023). 2208.05042. 19/23

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.5.023134 2023

  16. [16]

    W., Petrenko, A

    Krasny, M. W., Petrenko, A. & Płaczek, W. High-luminosity Large Hadron Collider with laser-cooled isoscalar ion beams.Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys.114, 103792, DOI: 10.1016/j.ppnp.2020.103792 (2020). 2003.11407

    work page doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2020.103792 2020

  17. [17]

    W., Petrenko, A

    Krasny, M. W., Petrenko, A. & Płaczek, W. The Gamma Factory path to high-luminosity LHC with isoscalar beams.PoSICHEP2020, 690, DOI: 10.22323/1.390.0690 (2021)

    work page doi:10.22323/1.390.0690 2021

  18. [18]

    Krasny, M. W. Electron beam for LHC.Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A540, 222–234, DOI: 10.1016/j.nima. 2004.11.022 (2005). hep-ex/0405028

    work page doi:10.1016/j.nima 2004

  19. [19]

    2206.06040

    Gschwendtner, E.et al.The AWAKE Run 2 Programme and Beyond †.Symmetry14, 1680, DOI: 10.3390/sym14081680 (2022). 2206.06040

    work page doi:10.3390/sym14081680 2022

  20. [20]

    A.et al.Measurement and application of electron stripping of ultrarelativistic 208Pb81+

    Cooke, D. A.et al.Measurement and application of electron stripping of ultrarelativistic 208Pb81+. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A988, 164902, DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2020.164902 (2021). 2006.16160. 21.R. Alemany Fernándezet al.[PBC], [arXiv:2505.00947 [hep-ex]]

    work page doi:10.1016/j.nima.2020.164902 2020

  21. [21]

    Rep.15, 12562, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-96505-6 (2025)

    Baolong, H.et al.Efficient transmutation of long-lived fission products in a Gamma Factory beam driven advanced nuclear energy system.Sci. Rep.15, 12562, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-96505-6 (2025). 2409.12473

    work page doi:10.1038/s41598-025-96505-6 2025

  22. [22]

    Krasny, M. W. Gamma Factory’s high intensity particle beams and their potential impact on the future accelerator-technology- driven research (2026)

    2026

  23. [23]

    L., Constantin, P., Krasny, M

    Nichita, D., Balabanski, D. L., Constantin, P., Krasny, M. W. & Płaczek, W. Radioactive Ion Beam Production at the Gamma Factory.Annalen Phys.534, 2100207, DOI: 10.1002/andp.202100207 (2022). 2105.13058

    work page doi:10.1002/andp.202100207 2022

  24. [24]

    Apyan, A., Krasny, M. W. & Płaczek, W. Gamma Factory high-intensity muon and positron source: Exploratory studies.Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams26, 083401, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.26.083401 (2023). 2212.06311

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevaccelbeams.26.083401 2023

  25. [25]

    CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs, Vol. 10 (2020): High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC): Technical design report

    Zurbano Fernandez, I.et al.High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC): Technical design report.CERN Yellow Rep. Monogr.10/2020, DOI: 10.23731/CYRM-2020-0010 (2020)

    work page doi:10.23731/cyrm-2020-0010 2020

  26. [26]

    In7th International Particle Accelerator Conference, WEZA01, DOI: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2016-WEZA01 (2016)

    Fischer, W.et al.RHIC Performance with Stochastic Cooling for Ions and Head-on Beam-beam Compensation for Protons. In7th International Particle Accelerator Conference, WEZA01, DOI: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2016-WEZA01 (2016)

    work page doi:10.18429/jacow-ipac2016-weza01 2016

  27. [27]

    & Krasny, M

    Płaczek, W. & Krasny, M. W. Gamma Factory and Precision Physics at the LHC.Acta Phys. Polon. Supp.17, A28, DOI: 10.5506/aphyspolbsupp.17.5-a28 (2024)

    work page doi:10.5506/aphyspolbsupp.17.5-a28 2024

  28. [28]

    W., Jadach, S

    Krasny, M. W., Jadach, S. & Placzek, W. The Femto-experiment for the LHC: The W-boson beams and their targets.Eur. Phys. J. C44, 333–350, DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s2005-02398-2 (2005). hep-ph/0503215

    work page doi:10.1140/epjc/s2005-02398-2 2005

  29. [29]

    W., Fayette, F., Placzek, W

    Krasny, M. W., Fayette, F., Placzek, W. & Siodmok, A. Z-boson as ’the standard candle’ for high precision W-boson physics at LHC.Eur. Phys. J. C51, 607–617, DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-007-0321-8 (2007). hep-ph/0702251. 20/23

    work page doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-007-0321-8 2007

  30. [30]

    W., Placzek, W

    Fayette, F., Krasny, M. W., Placzek, W. & Siodmok, A. Measurement ofMW + −MW − at LHC.Eur. Phys. J. C63, 33–56, DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-009-1084-1 (2009). 0812.2571

    work page doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-009-1084-1 2009

  31. [31]

    W., Dydak, F., Fayette, F., Placzek, W

    Krasny, M. W., Dydak, F., Fayette, F., Placzek, W. & Siodmok, A.∆MW ≤10MeV/c 2 at the LHC: a forlorn hope?Eur. Phys. J. C69, 379–397, DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-010-1417-0 (2010). 1004.2597

    work page doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-010-1417-0 2010

  32. [32]

    & Franchetti, G

    Kruyt, P., Gamba, D. & Franchetti, G. Simulation studies of laser cooling for the Gamma Factory proof-of-principle experiment at the CERN SPS.JACoWIPAC2024, MOPS50, DOI: 10.18429/ JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPS50 (2024)

    2024

  33. [33]

    & Budker, D

    Zolotorev, M. & Budker, D. Parity Nonconservation in Relativistic Hydrogenic Ions.Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 4717–4720, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.4717 (1997)

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.78.4717 1997

  34. [34]

    W., Pálffy, A

    Budker, D., Gorchtein, M., Krasny, M. W., Pálffy, A. & Surzhykov, A. Physics Opportunities with the Gamma Factory.Annalen Phys.534, 2200004, DOI: 10.1002/andp.202200004 (2022)

    work page doi:10.1002/andp.202200004 2022

  35. [35]

    G., Surzhykov, A

    Serbo, V . G., Surzhykov, A. & V olotka, A. Resonant Scattering of Plane-Wave and Twisted Photons at the Gamma Factory.Annalen Phys.534, 2100199, DOI: 10.1002/andp.202100199 (2022). 2108.01859

    work page doi:10.1002/andp.202100199 2022

  36. [36]

    A., Patkóš, V

    Yerokhin, V . A., Patkóš, V . & Pachucki, K. QED calculations of energy levels of heliumlike ions with 5≤Z≤30.Phys. Rev. A106, 022815, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.106.022815 (2022)

    work page doi:10.1103/physreva.106.022815 2022

  37. [37]

    W., Gilles, J

    Richter, J., Krasny, M. W., Gilles, J. & Surzhykov, A. Resonant photon scattering in the presence of external fields and its applications for the CERN Gamma Factory project.Phys. Rev. A111, 062820, DOI: 10.1103/yysz-444v (2025). 2501.13863

    work page doi:10.1103/yysz-444v 2025

  38. [38]

    2106.06584

    Budker, D.et al.Expanding Nuclear Physics Horizons with the Gamma Factory.Annalen Phys.534, 2100284, DOI: 10.1002/andp.202100284 (2022). 2106.06584

    work page doi:10.1002/andp.202100284 2022

  39. [39]

    V ., Antypas, D., Kozlov, M

    Viatkina, A. V ., Antypas, D., Kozlov, M. G., Budker, D. & Flambaum, V . V . Dependence of atomic parity-violation effects on neutron skins and new physics.Phys. Rev. C100, 034318, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.100.034318 (2019)

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.100.034318 2019

  40. [40]

    W., Płaczek, W

    Biero´n, J., Krasny, M. W., Płaczek, W. & Pustelny, S. Optical Excitation of Ultra-Relativistic Partially Stripped Ions.Annalen Phys.534, 2100250, DOI: 10.1002/andp.202100250 (2022). 2106.00330

    work page doi:10.1002/andp.202100250 2022

  41. [41]

    V ., Jin, J

    Flambaum, V . V ., Jin, J. & Budker, D. Resonance photoproduction of pionic atoms at the proposed Gamma Factory.Phys. Rev. C103, 054603, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.103.054603 (2021). 2010.06912

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.103.054603 2021

  42. [42]

    V ., Mertens, C

    Viatkina, A. V ., Mertens, C. G., Ohayon, B., Yerokhin, V . A. & Surzhykov, A. Atomic parity violation in highly charged 40,48Ca and 208Pb ions. (2026). 2602.19962

    work page arXiv 2026

  43. [43]

    & Budker, D

    Wojtsekhowski, B. & Budker, D. Local Lorentz Invariance Tests for Photons and Hadrons at the Gamma Factory.Annalen Phys.534, 2100141, DOI: 10.1002/andp.202100141 (2022). 2104.03784

    work page doi:10.1002/andp.202100141 2022

  44. [44]

    Vacuum Birefringence at the Gamma Factory.Annalen Phys.534, 2100137, DOI: 10.1002/andp.202100137 (2022)

    Karbstein, F. Vacuum Birefringence at the Gamma Factory.Annalen Phys.534, 2100137, DOI: 10.1002/andp.202100137 (2022). 2106.06359

    work page doi:10.1002/andp.202100137 2022

  45. [45]

    W., Ma, T., Safdi, B

    Balkin, R., Krasny, M. W., Ma, T., Safdi, B. R. & Soreq, Y . Probing Axion-Like-Particles at the CERN Gamma Factory.Annalen Phys.534, 2100222, DOI: 10.1002/andp.202100222 (2022). 2105.15072. 21/23

    work page doi:10.1002/andp.202100222 2022

  46. [46]

    L., Koga, J

    Chakraborti, S., Feng, J. L., Koga, J. K. & Valli, M. Gamma factory searches for extremely weakly interacting particles.Phys. Rev. D104, 055023, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.104.055023 (2021). 2105. 10289

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.104.055023 2021

  47. [47]

    G., Seiferle, B

    Thirolf, P. G., Seiferle, B. & von der Wense, L. The 229-thorium isomer: doorway to the road from the atomic clock to the nuclear clock.J. Phys. B52, 203001, DOI: 10.1088/1361-6455/ab29b8 (2019)

    work page doi:10.1088/1361-6455/ab29b8 2019

  48. [48]

    Schmirander, T.et al.Concept study of a storage ring-based gravitational wave observatory: Gravitational wave strain and synchrotron radiation noise.Phys. Rev. D110, 082002, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.110.082002 (2024). 2408.16374

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.110.082002 2024

  49. [49]

    V ., Viatkina, A

    Richter, J., Maiorova, A. V ., Viatkina, A. V ., Budker, D. & Surzhykov, A. Parity-violation studies with partially stripped ions.Annalen der Physik534, 2100561, DOI: 10.1002/andp.202100561 (2022)

    work page doi:10.1002/andp.202100561 2022

  50. [50]

    Accelerator Technology and Beam Physics of Future Colliders.Front

    Zimmermann, F. Accelerator Technology and Beam Physics of Future Colliders.Front. Phys.10, 888395, DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2022.888395 (2022)

    work page doi:10.3389/fphy.2022.888395 2022

  51. [51]

    Zimmermann, F.et al.Muon Collider Based on Gamma Factory, FCC-ee and Plasma Target.JACoW IPAC2022, 1691–1694, DOI: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST009 (2022)

    work page doi:10.18429/jacow-ipac2022-wepost009 2022

  52. [52]

    Beam Physics Frontier Problems.JACoWeeFACT2022, 42–51, DOI: 10.18429/ JACoW-eeFACT2022-TUY AT0101 (2023)

    Zimmermann, F. Beam Physics Frontier Problems.JACoWeeFACT2022, 42–51, DOI: 10.18429/ JACoW-eeFACT2022-TUY AT0101 (2023)

    2023

  53. [53]

    Dutheil, Y .et al.Gamma Factory for CERN initiative - progress report.PoSEPS-HEP2019, 020, DOI: 10.22323/1.364.0020 (2020)

    work page doi:10.22323/1.364.0020 2020

  54. [54]

    Ramjiawan, Rebecca Louise and Bartosik, Hannes and Dutheil, Yann and Hofle, Wolfgang and Krasny, Mieczyslaw Witold and Martens, Aurelien and Papaphilippou, Yannis and Petrenko, Alexey and Velotti, Francesco Maria SPS MD5044: machine stability characterisation of Gamma Factory SPS Proof-of-Principle Experiment,https://cds.cern.ch/record/2807037

    work page arXiv

  55. [55]

    Martens, A.et al.Design of the optical system for the gamma factory proof of principle ex- periment at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron.Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams25, 101601, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.25.101601 (2022)

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevaccelbeams.25.101601 2022

  56. [56]

    Y .et al.Stable 500 kW average power of infrared light in a finesse 35 000 enhancement cavity

    Lu, X. Y .et al.Stable 500 kW average power of infrared light in a finesse 35 000 enhancement cavity. Appl. Phys. Lett.124, 251105, DOI: 10.1063/5.0213842 (2024)

    work page doi:10.1063/5.0213842 2024

  57. [57]

    Y .et al.710 kW stable average power in a 45,000 finesse two-mirror optical cavity.Opt

    Lu, X. Y .et al.710 kW stable average power in a 45,000 finesse two-mirror optical cavity.Opt. Lett. 49, 6884–6887, DOI: 10.1364/OL.543388 (2024)

    work page doi:10.1364/ol.543388 2024

  58. [58]

    Płaczek, W.et al.Gamma Factory at CERN – Novel Research Tools Made of Light.Acta Phys. Polon. B50, 1191–1203, DOI: 10.5506/APhysPolB.50.1191 (2019). 1903.09032

    work page doi:10.5506/aphyspolb.50.1191 2019

  59. [59]

    & Serafini, L

    Curatolo, C., Krasny, M., Placzek, W. & Serafini, L. New Simulation Programs for Partially Stripped Ions - Laser Light Collisions. In9th International Particle Accelerator Conference, DOI: 10.18429/ JACoW-IPAC2018-THPMF076 (2018)

    2018

  60. [60]

    W., Petrenko, A

    Krasny, M. W., Petrenko, A. & Płaczek, W. BE-ABP Gamma Factory Software Workshop (2021). https://indico.cern.ch/event/1076086/. 22/23

    work page arXiv 2021

  61. [61]

    W.et al.Gamma Factory Proof-of-Principle experiment

    Krasny, M. W.et al.Gamma Factory Proof-of-Principle experiment. Letter-of-Intent (LoI), CERN- SPSC-2019-031, SPSC-I-253,2019. 63.Hayakawa, T.et al.Proposal for selective isotope transmutation of long-lived fission products using quasi-monochromatic γ-ray beams.J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.53, 2064–2071, DOI: 10.1080/00223131.2016. 1194776 (2016)

    work page doi:10.1080/00223131.2016 2019

  62. [62]

    Future HERA Physics Workshop

    Krasny, M. W. Everything you’ve Always Wanted To Know About Nuclei At HERA But You Were Afraid To Ask, Plenary rapporteur talk at the "Future HERA Physics Workshop", Hamburg (1996)

    1996

  63. [63]

    DESY/GSI/NUPECC workshop

    Willeke, F. HERA as an electron-nucleus collider. Plenary talk at the joined "DESY/GSI/NUPECC workshop", Seeheim, Germany, March 1997

    1997

  64. [64]

    DESY/GSI/NUPECC workshop

    Krasny, M. W. The Future Experimental Programme For HERA. Plenary talk at the joined "DESY/GSI/NUPECC workshop", Seeheim, Germany, March 1997

    1997

  65. [65]

    Krasny, M. W. Electron nucleus collisions at HERA: Selected topics.Nucl. Phys. A622, 95C–109C, DOI: 10.1016/S0375-9474(97)00335-7 (1997)

    work page doi:10.1016/s0375-9474(97)00335-7 1997

  66. [66]

    HERA Workshop on eA Physics

    Krasny, M. W. Electron-Nucleus Scattering At HERA. Plenary talk opening the "HERA Workshop on eA Physics", Hamburg, May 1999

    1999

  67. [67]

    Krasny, M. W. Particle and nuclear physics with high-energy leptons.Nucl. Phys. A663, 56–63, DOI: 10.1016/S0375-9474(99)00572-2 (2000). hep-ph/9907410

    work page doi:10.1016/s0375-9474(99)00572-2 2000

  68. [68]

    Second eRHIC workshop on eA and polarized ep Collider Physics

    Krasny, M. W. Physics Of eA collisions AT eRHIC. Plenary talk at the "Second eRHIC workshop on eA and polarized ep Collider Physics", Yale (New Heaven), April 2000

    2000

  69. [69]

    Snowmass workshop on the future of High Energy Physics

    Krasny, M. W. Physics with lepton–ion colliders Invited talk presented at the “Snowmass workshop on the future of High Energy Physics”, Snowmass, Colorado, July 2001

    2001

  70. [70]

    Snowmass workshop on the future of High Energy Physics

    Krasny, M. W. Detector Design Issues of lepton-ion colliders. Invited talk presented at the “Snowmass workshop on the future of High Energy Physics”, Snowmass, Colorado, July 2001

    2001

  71. [71]

    Krasny, M. W. Electron-nucleus Collisions Future Experimental Program And New Challenges For QCD. In34th Rencontres de Moriond: QCD and Hadronic interactions, 257–262 (The Gioi, Hanoi, 2001)

    2001

  72. [72]

    Deshpande, R

    Editors: A. Deshpande, R. M. & Venugopalan, R. A whitepaper on The Electron Ion Collider, A high luminosity probe of the partonic substructure of nucleons and nuclei, BNL-Report-No.68933-02/07 Rev, February 2002

    2002

  73. [73]

    Krasny, M. W. Selected design issues of a dedicated facility for generic QCD studies.Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Suppl.105, 185–189, DOI: 10.1016/S0920-5632(01)01978-8 (2002). hep-ex/0110043. 23/23

    work page doi:10.1016/s0920-5632(01)01978-8 2002