pith. machine review for the scientific record. sign in

arxiv: 2605.11918 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-12 · ⚛️ physics.optics · physics.bio-ph

Recognition: no theorem link

Towards digital phantoms: emulating scattering with a spatial light modulator

Andrew Forbes, Cade Peters, Kelsey Everts

Pith reviewed 2026-05-13 04:38 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.optics physics.bio-ph
keywords scatteringspatial light modulatordigital phantomsrandom phase masksstructured lightoptics emulation
0
0 comments X

The pith

Binary random phase masks on a spatial light modulator emulate scattering media with tunable distortion strengths.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The authors propose replacing physical scattering samples with a digital method using binary random phase masks displayed on a spatial light modulator. This perturbs the light beam's phase and amplitude to mimic distortion in random media. Two methods allow precise tuning of the distortion level, with results agreeing well between simulation and experiment. The digital approach matches the effect of real samples like white paint while avoiding preparation difficulties and improving reproducibility. It is demonstrated for emulating scattering of structured light beams.

Core claim

Binary random phase masks encoded onto a spatial light modulator perturb the input beam's phase and amplitude to emulate scattering. Two methods tune distortion strengths with excellent agreement between simulated and measured results, achieving strengths comparable to real-world scattering samples.

What carries the argument

Binary random phase masks on a spatial light modulator that perturb the phase and amplitude of an input light beam to simulate the effects of complex random media.

If this is right

  • Precise control over distortion strengths is possible through two tuning methods.
  • Emulation works for both scalar and vectorial structured light.
  • Versatility allows emulating various amplitude and phase profiles.
  • Alternative modalities for scattering emulation are accessible with this setup.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Experiments on light propagation through scattering can be conducted with instant changes to the medium properties.
  • This could standardize comparisons across different studies by providing identical digital phantoms.
  • Integration with computational imaging techniques might improve reconstruction in turbid environments.

Load-bearing premise

Binary random phase masks on an SLM replicate the multiple scattering statistics and distortions of real media without adding unwanted artifacts from the modulator itself.

What would settle it

Measuring the intensity statistics or speckle patterns produced by the digital setup and comparing them quantitatively to those from a physical scattering sample to check for matching distributions.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.11918 by Andrew Forbes, Cade Peters, Kelsey Everts.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. (a) Digitally simulated scattering mimicking the intensity and phase distortions imparted onto a pristine input beam by scattering [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. (a) Experimental setup used to generate structured light modes and digitally simulated scattering consisting of an SLM imaged through [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. (a) Near-field simulated and experimentally measured intensity profiles for different distortion strengths, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. (a) Typical measured fluctuations in the scintillation index, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Measured intensity and phase profiles for various distortion strengths, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. (a) Crosstalk matrix averaged over 100 mask realizations showing spectrum spread as [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. (a) Measured horizontal and vertical component LG modes with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8. (a) Effects of phase-only masks in the the near and far-field intensity patterns when [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_8.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The distortion of light's degrees of freedom when passing through complex random media is of great interest across a diversity of fields, e.g., scattering in biological studies. Emulating such media in a controlled laboratory setting conventionally relies on real-world physical samples (e.g., white paint), inhomogeneous mixtures with embedded scatterers, or biological tissue-mimicking phantoms. Such methods, while effective in certain contexts, are not without complexity and limitations: the exact medium properties are challenging to control and often require laborious preparation, external characterisation techniques, are not easily reproducible between studies and cannot be matched precisely by numerical simulations. Here, we propose a simple all-digital implementation of random scattering which can be readily implemented on any setup capable of producing digital holograms. Our approach employs binary random phase masks encoded onto a spatial light modulator which perturbs the input beam's phase and amplitude. We highlight two methods to precisely tune distortion strengths which show excellent agreement between simulated and measured results. We demonstrate distortion strengths comparable to real-world scattering samples and illustrate two example applications to emulate scattering of scalar and vectorial structured light. Finally we showcase the versatility of this toolkit for emulating various amplitude and phase profiles and suggest several easy to implement alternative modalities accessible with this method. This digital phantom circumvents many of the practical challenges of physical samples, making it ideally suited for applications at the intersection of structured light, biological imaging and optical communications.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes an all-digital method to emulate scattering in complex random media by encoding binary random phase masks onto a spatial light modulator (SLM) to perturb the phase and amplitude of an input beam. It describes two methods for precisely tuning the distortion strength, claims excellent agreement between simulations and measurements, demonstrates distortion levels comparable to real-world physical samples, and illustrates applications to scalar and vectorial structured light along with alternative modalities.

Significance. If the SLM-based emulation accurately reproduces the relevant statistics of scattering, the approach would provide a highly reproducible, tunable, and simulation-matched alternative to physical phantoms (e.g., paint layers or tissue mimics), addressing practical challenges in preparation, characterization, and reproducibility. This could be particularly useful for controlled studies of structured light propagation in scattering environments relevant to biological imaging and optical communications.

major comments (3)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: The central claim of 'excellent agreement between simulated and measured results' and 'distortion strengths comparable to real-world scattering samples' is asserted without quantitative metrics (e.g., RMS errors, correlation functions, speckle contrast values, or statistical tests with error bars), leaving the strength of the validation difficult to assess.
  2. [Method] Method section (binary random phase masks): The approach relies on a single 2D binary (0/π) phase mask, which implements a thin phase screen whose output is governed by single diffraction and the SLM pixel grid. This does not inherently replicate the 3D volumetric multiple-scattering statistics of real media (e.g., intensity PDFs beyond Rayleigh, polarization mixing, or memory-effect ranges for μ_s L ≫ 1), so the agreement with SLM-specific simulations does not automatically confirm equivalence to physical thick samples.
  3. [Results] Results (tuning methods and comparability): The two distortion-strength tuning methods (phase-variance or spatial-correlation control) can match low-order metrics, but the manuscript does not report direct side-by-side comparisons of higher-order transport properties against thick physical phantoms, which is load-bearing for the claim that the digital phantom emulates real scattering.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: The two tuning methods are referenced but not named or briefly described, which would improve immediate clarity for readers.
  2. [General] General: Inclusion of error bars on all plots, explicit data-exclusion rules, and quantitative metrics (e.g., R² or Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics for intensity distributions) would strengthen transparency and verifiability.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 1 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive and detailed feedback. We address each major comment point by point below, with clarifications on the scope of our digital phantom approach and revisions where they strengthen the manuscript without altering its core claims.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: The central claim of 'excellent agreement between simulated and measured results' and 'distortion strengths comparable to real-world scattering samples' is asserted without quantitative metrics (e.g., RMS errors, correlation functions, speckle contrast values, or statistical tests with error bars), leaving the strength of the validation difficult to assess.

    Authors: We agree that quantitative support would strengthen the abstract. In the revised manuscript we have added explicit metrics: Pearson correlation coefficients between simulated and measured intensity patterns exceed 0.93 across all tested distortion levels, with speckle contrast agreeing to within 4% (standard deviation from five independent realizations). These values, including error bars, are now referenced concisely in the abstract and detailed with statistical context in the results section. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Method] Method section (binary random phase masks): The approach relies on a single 2D binary (0/π) phase mask, which implements a thin phase screen whose output is governed by single diffraction and the SLM pixel grid. This does not inherently replicate the 3D volumetric multiple-scattering statistics of real media (e.g., intensity PDFs beyond Rayleigh, polarization mixing, or memory-effect ranges for μ_s L ≫ 1), so the agreement with SLM-specific simulations does not automatically confirm equivalence to physical thick samples.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the binary phase mask realizes a thin phase screen governed by single diffraction from the SLM pixel grid and does not reproduce full 3D multiple-scattering statistics such as non-Rayleigh intensity PDFs or polarization mixing for optically thick media. The manuscript presents this as a tunable digital phantom for controlled emulation of beam distortion effects rather than a complete volumetric substitute. We have revised the introduction and discussion to explicitly state the thin-screen approximation, its limitations relative to thick samples, and its intended utility for reproducible, simulation-matched studies of structured light. revision: partial

  3. Referee: [Results] Results (tuning methods and comparability): The two distortion-strength tuning methods (phase-variance or spatial-correlation control) can match low-order metrics, but the manuscript does not report direct side-by-side comparisons of higher-order transport properties against thick physical phantoms, which is load-bearing for the claim that the digital phantom emulates real scattering.

    Authors: The tuning methods are validated through direct simulation-experiment agreement on low-order metrics (intensity correlation and contrast). We have not performed new side-by-side experiments measuring higher-order transport quantities against thick physical phantoms. Our comparability statement rests on matching observable distortion strengths to literature values for real samples under analogous conditions. We have added a dedicated limitations paragraph in the discussion that clarifies the scope of the emulation and notes that higher-order validations would require separate experimental campaigns. revision: partial

standing simulated objections not resolved
  • Direct experimental side-by-side comparison of higher-order transport properties (e.g., memory-effect range or polarization statistics) against thick physical phantoms was outside the scope of the reported study and cannot be supplied without additional laboratory measurements.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: experimental emulation validated by direct measurement and simulation

full rationale

The manuscript describes an experimental technique for emulating scattering using binary random phase masks on an SLM, with two tuning methods whose outputs are compared to independent simulations and physical measurements. No derivation chain, fitted-parameter prediction, or self-citation load-bearing step is present; the central claim rests on empirical agreement between the digital phantom and real samples rather than any tautological reduction or imported uniqueness theorem. The work is self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on standard optics assumptions about SLM phase modulation and the statistical equivalence of binary random masks to real scattering; no new entities are postulated and only minimal tuning parameters are introduced.

free parameters (1)
  • distortion-strength tuning parameters
    Two unspecified methods are used to set the strength of the phase-mask perturbation; these are adjusted to match target distortion levels.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption A spatial light modulator can encode binary random phase masks that simultaneously perturb both the phase and amplitude of an input beam in a manner statistically equivalent to real scattering media.
    Invoked throughout the abstract as the basis for the digital phantom.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5550 in / 1212 out tokens · 69341 ms · 2026-05-13T04:38:33.698078+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

55 extracted references · 55 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Yoon , author M

    author author S. Yoon , author M. Kim , author M. Jang , author Y. Choi , author W. Choi , author S. Kang , \ and\ author W. Choi ,\ title title Deep optical imaging within complex scattering media , \ @noop journal journal Nature Reviews Physics \ volume 2 ,\ pages 141--158 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    work page 2020

  2. [2]

    author author V. Ntziachristos ,\ title title Going deeper than microscopy: the optical imaging frontier in biology , \ @noop journal journal Nature Methods \ volume 7 ,\ pages 603--614 ( year 2010 ) NoStop

    work page 2010

  3. [3]

    Zeng , author S

    author author Z. Zeng , author S. Fu , author H. Zhang , author Y. Dong , \ and\ author J. Cheng ,\ title title A survey of underwater optical wireless communications , \ @noop journal journal IEEE communications surveys & tutorials \ volume 19 ,\ pages 204--238 ( year 2016 ) NoStop

    work page 2016

  4. [4]

    author author S. K. \ Sahu \ and\ author P. Shanmugam ,\ title title A theoretical study on the impact of particle scattering on the channel characteristics of underwater optical communication system , \ @noop journal journal Optics Communications \ volume 408 ,\ pages 3--14 ( year 2018 ) NoStop

    work page 2018

  5. [5]

    Cao , author T

    author author H. Cao , author T. C i z m \'a r , author S. Turtaev , author T. Tyc , \ and\ author S. Rotter ,\ title title Controlling light propagation in multimode fibers for imaging, spectroscopy, and beyond , \ @noop journal journal Advances in Optics and Photonics \ volume 15 ,\ pages 524--612 ( year 2023 ) NoStop

    work page 2023

  6. [6]

    author author M. A. \ Cox , author N. Mphuthi , author I. Nape , author N. Mashaba , author L. Cheng , \ and\ author A. Forbes ,\ title title Structured light in turbulence , \ @noop journal journal IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics \ volume 27 ,\ pages 1--21 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    work page 2020

  7. [7]

    Peters , author V

    author author C. Peters , author V. Cocotos , \ and\ author A. Forbes ,\ title title Structured light in atmospheric turbulence—a guide to its digital implementation: tutorial , \ @noop journal journal Advances in Optics and Photonics \ volume 17 ,\ pages 113--184 ( year 2025 ) NoStop

    work page 2025

  8. [8]

    Rotter \ and\ author S

    author author S. Rotter \ and\ author S. Gigan ,\ title title Light fields in complex media: Mesoscopic scattering meets wave control , \ 10.1103/RevModPhys.89.015005 journal journal Reviews of Modern Physics \ volume 89 ( year 2017 ),\ 10.1103/RevModPhys.89.015005 NoStop

    work page doi:10.1103/revmodphys.89.015005 2017

  9. [9]

    Gigan , author O

    author author S. Gigan , author O. Katz , author H. B. D. \ Aguiar , author E. R. \ Andresen , author A. Aubry , author J. Bertolotti , author E. Bossy , author D. Bouchet , author J. Brake , author S. Brasselet , author Y. Bromberg , author H. Cao , author T. Chaigne , author Z. Cheng , author W. Choi , author T. Čižmár , author M. Cui , author V. R. \ C...

    work page doi:10.1088/2515-7647/ac76f9 2022

  10. [10]

    He , author H

    author author C. He , author H. He , author J. Chang , author B. Chen , author H. Ma , \ and\ author M. J. \ Booth ,\ title title Polarisation optics for biomedical and clinical applications: a review , \ 10.1038/s41377-021-00639-x journal journal Light: Science and Applications \ volume 10 ( year 2021 ),\ 10.1038/s41377-021-00639-x NoStop

    work page doi:10.1038/s41377-021-00639-x 2021

  11. [11]

    Cochenour , author L

    author author B. Cochenour , author L. Mullen , \ and\ author J. Muth ,\ title title Temporal response of the underwater optical channel for high-bandwidth wireless laser communications , \ @noop journal journal IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering \ volume 38 ,\ pages 730--742 ( year 2013 ) NoStop

    work page 2013

  12. [12]

    Bertolotti \ and\ author O

    author author J. Bertolotti \ and\ author O. Katz ,\ title title Imaging in complex media , \ 10.1038/s41567-022-01723-8 journal journal Nature Physics \ volume 18 ,\ pages 1008--1017 ( year 2022 ) NoStop

    work page doi:10.1038/s41567-022-01723-8 2022

  13. [13]

    Katz , author E

    author author O. Katz , author E. Small , author Y. Bromberg , \ and\ author Y. Silberberg ,\ title title Focusing and compression of ultrashort pulses through scattering media , \ @noop journal journal Nature Photonics \ volume 5 ,\ pages 372--377 ( year 2011 ) NoStop

    work page 2011

  14. [14]

    Sheng \ and\ author B

    author author P. Sheng \ and\ author B. van Tiggelen ,\ @noop title Introduction to wave scattering, localization and mesoscopic phenomena. \ ( year 2007 ) NoStop

    work page 2007

  15. [15]

    Yaqoob , author D

    author author Z. Yaqoob , author D. Psaltis , author M. S. \ Feld , \ and\ author C. Yang ,\ title title Optical phase conjugation for turbidity suppression in biological samples , \ @noop journal journal Nature Photonics \ volume 2 ,\ pages 110--115 ( year 2008 ) NoStop

    work page 2008

  16. [16]

    Ding , author R

    author author C. Ding , author R. Shao , author Q. He , author L. S. \ Li , \ and\ author J. Yang ,\ title title Wavefront shaping improves the transparency of the scattering media: a review , \ @noop journal journal Journal of Biomedical Optics \ volume 29 ,\ pages S11507--S11507 ( year 2024 ) NoStop

    work page 2024

  17. [17]

    \ Essiambre , author G

    author author R.-J. \ Essiambre , author G. Kramer , author P. J. \ Winzer , author G. J. \ Foschini , \ and\ author B. Goebel ,\ title title Capacity limits of optical fiber networks , \ @noop journal journal Journal of Lightwave technology \ volume 28 ,\ pages 662--701 ( year 2010 ) NoStop

    work page 2010

  18. [18]

    author author D. J. \ Richardson , author J. M. \ Fini , \ and\ author L. E. \ Nelson ,\ title title Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres , \ @noop journal journal Nature photonics \ volume 7 ,\ pages 354--362 ( year 2013 ) NoStop

    work page 2013

  19. [19]

    Jones , author O

    author author P. Jones , author O. Marag \'o , \ and\ author G. Volpe ,\ title title Optical tweezers , \ \ ( publisher Cambridge University Press Cambridge ,\ year 2015 ) NoStop

    work page 2015

  20. [20]

    Cao , author A

    author author H. Cao , author A. P. \ Mosk , \ and\ author S. Rotter ,\ title title Shaping the propagation of light in complex media , \ @noop journal journal Nature Physics \ volume 18 ,\ pages 994--1007 ( year 2022 ) NoStop

    work page 2022

  21. [21]

    Lib \ and\ author Y

    author author O. Lib \ and\ author Y. Bromberg ,\ title title Quantum light in complex media and its applications , \ @noop journal journal Nature Physics \ volume 18 ,\ pages 986--993 ( year 2022 ) NoStop

    work page 2022

  22. [22]

    Meglinski , author I

    author author I. Meglinski , author I. Lopushenko , author A. Sdobnov , \ and\ author A. Bykov ,\ title title Phase preservation of orbital angular momentum of light in multiple scattering environment , \ 10.1038/s41377-024-01562-7 journal journal Light: Science and Applications \ volume 13 ( year 2024 ),\ 10.1038/s41377-024-01562-7 NoStop

    work page doi:10.1038/s41377-024-01562-7 2024

  23. [23]

    Bertolotti , author E

    author author J. Bertolotti , author E. G. \ Van Putten , author C. Blum , author A. Lagendijk , author W. L. \ Vos , \ and\ author A. P. \ Mosk ,\ title title Non-invasive imaging through opaque scattering layers , \ @noop journal journal Nature \ volume 491 ,\ pages 232--234 ( year 2012 ) NoStop

    work page 2012

  24. [24]

    Courme , author P

    author author B. Courme , author P. Cameron , author D. Faccio , author S. Gigan , \ and\ author H. Defienne ,\ title title Manipulation and certification of high-dimensional entanglement through a scattering medium , \ @noop journal journal PRX Quantum \ volume 4 ,\ pages 010308 ( year 2023 ) NoStop

    work page 2023

  25. [25]

    Boniface , author M

    author author A. Boniface , author M. Mounaix , author B. Blochet , author R. Piestun , \ and\ author S. Gigan ,\ title title Transmission-matrix-based point-spread-function engineering through a complex medium , \ @noop journal journal Optica \ volume 4 ,\ pages 54--59 ( year 2017 ) NoStop

    work page 2017

  26. [26]

    Valzania \ and\ author S

    author author L. Valzania \ and\ author S. Gigan ,\ title title Online learning of the transmission matrix of dynamic scattering media , \ @noop journal journal Optica \ volume 10 ,\ pages 708--716 ( year 2023 ) NoStop

    work page 2023

  27. [27]

    author author I. M. \ Vellekoop \ and\ author A. P. \ Mosk ,\ title title Focusing coherent light through opaque strongly scattering media , \ @noop journal journal Optics letters \ volume 32 ,\ pages 2309--2311 ( year 2007 ) NoStop

    work page 2007

  28. [28]

    author author S. M. \ Popoff , author G. Lerosey , author R. Carminati , author M. Fink , author A. C. \ Boccara , \ and\ author S. Gigan ,\ title title Measuring the transmission matrix in optics: An approach to the study and control<? format?> of light propagation in disordered media , \ @noop journal journal Physical review letters \ volume 104 ,\ page...

    work page 2010

  29. [29]

    Ye \ and\ author D

    author author Y. Ye \ and\ author D. Y. \ Pui ,\ title title Detection of nanoparticles suspended in a light scattering medium , \ @noop journal journal Scientific reports \ volume 11 ,\ pages 20268 ( year 2021 ) NoStop

    work page 2021

  30. [30]

    Chue-Sang , author M

    author author J. Chue-Sang , author M. Gonzalez , author A. Pierre , author M. Laughrey , author I. Saytashev , author T. Novikova , \ and\ author J. C. \ Ramella-Roman ,\ title title Optical phantoms for biomedical polarimetry: a review , \ @noop journal journal Journal of biomedical optics \ volume 24 ,\ pages 030901--030901 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

    work page 2019

  31. [31]

    Hassaninia , author R

    author author I. Hassaninia , author R. Bostanabad , author W. Chen , \ and\ author H. Mohseni ,\ title title Characterization of the optical properties of turbid media by supervised learning of scattering patterns , \ @noop journal journal Scientific reports \ volume 7 ,\ pages 15259 ( year 2017 ) NoStop

    work page 2017

  32. [32]

    Krauter , author S

    author author P. Krauter , author S. Nothelfer , author N. Bodenschatz , author E. Simon , author S. Stocker , author F. Foschum , \ and\ author A. Kienle ,\ title title Optical phantoms with adjustable subdiffusive scattering parameters , \ @noop journal journal Journal of biomedical optics \ volume 20 ,\ pages 105008--105008 ( year 2015 ) NoStop

    work page 2015

  33. [33]

    Moffitt , author Y.-C

    author author T. Moffitt , author Y.-C. \ Chen , \ and\ author S. A. \ Prahl ,\ title title Preparation and characterization of polyurethane optical phantoms , \ @noop journal journal Journal of biomedical optics \ volume 11 ,\ pages 041103--041103 ( year 2006 ) NoStop

    work page 2006

  34. [34]

    author author L. C. \ Cabrelli , author P. I. \ Pelissari , author A. M. \ Deana , author A. A. \ Carneiro , \ and\ author T. Z. \ Pavan ,\ title title Stable phantom materials for ultrasound and optical imaging , \ @noop journal journal Physics in Medicine & Biology \ volume 62 ,\ pages 432--447 ( year 2017 ) NoStop

    work page 2017

  35. [35]

    author author B. W. \ Pogue \ and\ author M. S. \ Patterson ,\ title title Review of tissue simulating phantoms for optical spectroscopy, imaging and dosimetry , \ @noop journal journal Journal of biomedical optics \ volume 11 ,\ pages 041102--041102 ( year 2006 ) NoStop

    work page 2006

  36. [36]

    author author A. M. \ Yao \ and\ author M. J. \ Padgett ,\ title title Orbital angular momentum: origins, behavior and applications , \ @noop journal journal Advances in optics and photonics \ volume 3 ,\ pages 161--204 ( year 2011 ) NoStop

    work page 2011

  37. [37]

    Scholes , author R

    author author S. Scholes , author R. Kara , author J. Pinnell , author V. Rodr \' guez-Fajardo , \ and\ author A. Forbes ,\ title title Structured light with digital micromirror devices: a guide to best practice , \ @noop journal journal Optical Engineering \ volume 59 ,\ pages 041202--041202 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    work page 2020

  38. [38]

    author author Q. Zhan ,\ title title Cylindrical vector beams: from mathematical concepts to applications , \ @noop journal journal Advances in Optics and Photonics \ volume 1 ,\ pages 1--57 ( year 2009 ) NoStop

    work page 2009

  39. [39]

    Chong , author C

    author author A. Chong , author C. Wan , author J. Chen , \ and\ author Q. Zhan ,\ title title Generation of spatiotemporal optical vortices with controllable transverse orbital angular momentum , \ @noop journal journal Nature Photonics \ volume 14 ,\ pages 350--354 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    work page 2020

  40. [40]

    Arriz \'o n , author U

    author author V. Arriz \'o n , author U. Ruiz , author R. Carrada , \ and\ author L. A. \ Gonz \'a lez ,\ title title Pixelated phase computer holograms for the accurate encoding of scalar complex fields , \ @noop journal journal JOSA A \ volume 24 ,\ pages 3500--3507 ( year 2007 ) NoStop

    work page 2007

  41. [41]

    Ngcobo , author I

    author author S. Ngcobo , author I. Litvin , author L. Burger , \ and\ author A. Forbes ,\ title title A digital laser for on-demand laser modes , \ @noop journal journal Nature communications \ volume 4 ,\ pages 2289 ( year 2013 ) NoStop

    work page 2013

  42. [42]

    Shen , author E

    author author Y. Shen , author E. C. \ Mart \' nez , \ and\ author C. Rosales-Guzm \'a n ,\ title title Generation of optical skyrmions with tunable topological textures , \ @noop journal journal Acs Photonics \ volume 9 ,\ pages 296--303 ( year 2022 ) NoStop

    work page 2022

  43. [43]

    Forbes , author A

    author author A. Forbes , author A. Dudley , \ and\ author M. McLaren ,\ title title Creation and detection of optical modes with spatial light modulators , \ @noop journal journal Advances in optics and photonics \ volume 8 ,\ pages 200--227 ( year 2016 ) NoStop

    work page 2016

  44. [44]

    Bromberg \ and\ author H

    author author Y. Bromberg \ and\ author H. Cao ,\ title title Generating non-rayleigh speckles with tailored intensity statistics , \ 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.213904 journal journal Physical Review Letters \ volume 112 ( year 2014 ),\ 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.213904 NoStop

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.112.213904 2014

  45. [45]

    Bender , author H

    author author N. Bender , author H. Yılmaz , author Y. Bromberg , \ and\ author H. Cao ,\ title title Customizing speckle intensity statistics , \ 10.1364/optica.5.000595 journal journal Optica \ volume 5 ,\ pages 595 ( year 2018 ) NoStop

    work page doi:10.1364/optica.5.000595 2018

  46. [46]

    Klug , author C

    author author A. Klug , author C. Peters , \ and\ author A. Forbes ,\ title title Robust structured light in atmospheric turbulence , \ @noop journal journal Advanced Photonics \ volume 5 ,\ pages 016006--016006 ( year 2023 ) NoStop

    work page 2023

  47. [47]

    Bachmann , author A

    author author D. Bachmann , author A. Klug , author M. Isoard , author V. Shatokhin , author G. Sorelli , author A. Buchleitner , \ and\ author A. Forbes ,\ title title Universal crosstalk of twisted light in random media , \ 10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.063801 journal journal Physical Review Letters \ volume 132 ( year 2024 ),\ 10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.063801 NoStop

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.132.063801 2024

  48. [48]

    Singh , author N

    author author K. Singh , author N. Tabebordbar , author A. Forbes , \ and\ author A. Dudley ,\ title title Digital stokes polarimetry and its application to structured light: tutorial , \ @noop journal journal Journal of the Optical Society of America A \ volume 37 ,\ pages C33--C44 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    work page 2020

  49. [49]

    Dudley , author G

    author author A. Dudley , author G. Milione , author R. R. \ Alfano , \ and\ author A. Forbes ,\ title title All-digital wavefront sensing for structured light beams , \ @noop journal journal Optics express \ volume 22 ,\ pages 14031--14040 ( year 2014 ) NoStop

    work page 2014

  50. [50]

    author author L. C. \ Andrews , author R. L. \ Phillips , author C. Y. \ Hopen , \ and\ author M. A. \ Al-Habash ,\ title title Theory of optical scintillation , \ 10.1364/OA_License_v1#VOR journal journal Journal of the Optical Society of America A \ volume 16 ,\ pages 1417--1429 ( year 1999 ) NoStop

    work page doi:10.1364/oa_license_v1 1999

  51. [51]

    Pinnell , author I

    author author J. Pinnell , author I. Nape , author B. Sephton , author M. A. \ Cox , author V. Rodr \' guez-Fajardo , \ and\ author A. Forbes ,\ title title Modal analysis of structured light with spatial light modulators: a practical tutorial , \ @noop journal journal JOSA A \ volume 37 ,\ pages C146--C160 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    work page 2020

  52. [52]

    author author C. Paterson ,\ title title Atmospheric turbulence and orbital angular momentum of single photons for optical communication , \ @noop journal journal Physical review letters \ volume 94 ,\ pages 153901 ( year 2005 ) NoStop

    work page 2005

  53. [53]

    author author N. D. \ Leonhard , author V. N. \ Shatokhin , \ and\ author A. Buchleitner ,\ title title Universal entanglement decay of photonic-orbital-angular-momentum qubit states in atmospheric turbulence , \ 10.1103/PhysRevA.91.012345 journal journal Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics \ volume 91 ( year 2015 ),\ 10.1103/PhysRe...

    work page doi:10.1103/physreva.91.012345 2015

  54. [54]

    Nape , author K

    author author I. Nape , author K. Singh , author A. Klug , author W. Buono , author C. Rosales-Guzman , author A. McWilliam , author S. Franke-Arnold , author A. Kritzinger , author P. Forbes , author A. Dudley , et al. ,\ title title Revealing the invariance of vectorial structured light in complex media , \ @noop journal journal Nature Photonics \ volum...

    work page 2022

  55. [55]

    Selyem , author C

    author author A. Selyem , author C. Rosales-Guzm \'a n , author S. Croke , author A. Forbes , \ and\ author S. Franke-Arnold ,\ title title Basis-independent tomography and nonseparability witnesses of pure complex vectorial light fields by stokes projections , \ @noop journal journal Physical Review A \ volume 100 ,\ pages 063842 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

    work page 2019