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arxiv: 2605.13649 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-13 · ✦ hep-ex

Recognition: 2 theorem links

· Lean Theorem

Search for single vector-like quark production in opposite-sign dilepton final states in proton-proton collisions at sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

CMS Collaboration
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-14 17:55 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ex
keywords vector-like top quarksingle productionT to tHopposite-sign dileptonsCMSLHCupper limits13 TeV
0
0 comments X

The pith

No excess observed in search for single vector-like top quark T decaying to top and Higgs in opposite-sign dilepton events.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper presents a search for single production of a vector-like top quark T decaying to a standard model top quark and Higgs boson. It analyzes proton-proton collision data at 13 TeV collected by CMS in 2016-2018, corresponding to up to 138 fb^{-1}, in a final state with two opposite-sign leptons, jets, and missing transverse momentum. No excess above expected background is found. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set on the product of the T production cross section and branching fraction to tH, ranging from 2.0 pb at 600 GeV to 0.1 pb at 1000 GeV. This constitutes the first search in the T to tH channel using the opposite-sign dilepton final state.

Core claim

The analysis of 13 TeV proton-proton collision data in opposite-sign dilepton final states finds no excess over standard model background expectations for single production of a vector-like top quark T decaying to tH, resulting in 95% CL upper limits on the cross section times branching fraction from 2.0 pb at 600 GeV to 0.1 pb at 1000 GeV.

What carries the argument

Event selection requiring two opposite-sign leptons, multiple jets, and missing transverse momentum to isolate potential T to tH signals from background.

If this is right

  • Vector-like quark models predicting cross sections times branching fractions above the observed limits for T masses between 600 and 1000 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level.
  • These results provide the first constraints specifically from the opposite-sign dilepton channel in the T to tH decay mode.
  • The limits can be combined with other searches in different final states to further restrict the allowed parameter space for vector-like top quarks.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Future LHC data with higher luminosity could extend the mass reach or tighten the limits by a factor of several.
  • Complementary searches in single-lepton or fully hadronic channels would add sensitivity to the same T to tH signature.
  • These bounds can inform model-building efforts that incorporate vector-like quarks to address issues like the Higgs mass or flavor anomalies.

Load-bearing premise

Standard model backgrounds are accurately modeled in simulation with no significant unaccounted contributions, and signal efficiencies are correctly estimated for the assumed masses and decays.

What would settle it

Observing a statistically significant excess of events in the signal region beyond the predicted background would indicate the presence of the T quark signal.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.13649 by CMS Collaboration.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Leading-order Feynman diagram for the single production of a vector-like T quark [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Distributions of the reconstructed invariant mass in simulated signal events for T [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Comparison of the observed data and simulated background distributions of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Distribution of the reconstructed mass mtH in the background simulation, taking the channels ee (upper left), µµ (upper right), and eµ (lower) for the 2018 data, as an example. Superimposed as solid lines are the fits to the background model given by the function f0 in Eq. (2). The lower panels show the ratio of the MC distribution to the background function fit [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Distributions of the invariant mass mtH in the ee (upper left), µµ (upper right), and eµ (lower) channels in 2016–2018 data set. In the upper panel, the black points show the data in the signal region, and the shapes from the background-only fits are in green. Expected signal distributions for three representative signal mass values are also shown, normalized to a cross section of 1 pb. The lower panel sho… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Expected and observed upper limits at 95% CL on the production cross section [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Expected and observed upper limits at 95% CL on the production cross section [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_7.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

A search is presented for single production of a vector-like top quark T, decaying into the standard model top quark and Higgs boson, in a final state including two opposite-sign leptons (electrons or muons), jets, and missing transverse momentum. The data were recorded by the CMS experiment in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the CERN LHC in the years 2016$-$2018, and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of up to 138 fb$^{-1}$. No excess in data over the background expectations is observed. Upper limits at 95% confidence level on the product of the T production cross section and its decay branching fraction to tH are set, ranging from 2.0 pb at a T mass of 600 GeV to 0.1 pb at 1000 GeV. This is the first search in the T $\to$ tH channel in opposite-sign dilepton final states.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports a search for single production of a vector-like top quark T decaying to tH in the opposite-sign dilepton final state (electrons or muons, jets, and missing transverse momentum). Using up to 138 fb^{-1} of CMS data at √s = 13 TeV from 2016–2018, no excess over background expectations is observed. 95% CL upper limits are set on σ(T) × BR(T → tH), ranging from 2.0 pb at m_T = 600 GeV to 0.1 pb at 1000 GeV. The work claims to be the first search in the T → tH channel using this final state.

Significance. If the background modeling and signal efficiencies hold, the result provides the first constraints on single T production in the opposite-sign dilepton tH channel, complementing existing VLQ searches in other final states and decay modes. The null-result limit-setting procedure follows established collider methods and adds a new, independent exclusion region.

minor comments (3)
  1. [Abstract and Section 3] The abstract states 'up to 138 fb^{-1}'; the main text should explicitly tabulate the luminosity used for each mass hypothesis and confirm that the same dataset is applied uniformly across the signal regions.
  2. [Background estimation] The description of the fake-lepton background estimation (Section 4 or equivalent) relies on data-driven methods; additional validation plots comparing the control regions to data would strengthen the claim that this contribution is accurately modeled in the signal region.
  3. [Results] Table or figure presenting the observed limits should include the expected limits and ±1σ/±2σ bands for direct visual comparison, as is standard for such searches.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive assessment of the manuscript, including the recognition that this search provides the first constraints on single T production in the opposite-sign dilepton tH channel. We appreciate the recommendation for minor revision. No specific major comments were raised in the report.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The analysis rests on standard domain assumptions in high-energy physics rather than new free parameters or entities introduced in this work.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Standard Model background processes are well-understood and can be simulated accurately in the selected kinematic region.
    Essential for interpreting no excess as a constraint on new physics.
  • domain assumption Detector response, reconstruction efficiencies, and acceptances are correctly modeled in simulation for both signal and background.
    Required to compute signal efficiencies and expected backgrounds.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5473 in / 1243 out tokens · 113556 ms · 2026-05-14T17:55:08.959516+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

What do these tags mean?
matches
The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports
The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends
The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
uses
The paper appears to rely on the theorem as machinery.
contradicts
The paper's claim conflicts with a theorem or certificate in the canon.
unclear
Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Reference graph

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