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arxiv: 2606.04669 · v1 · pith:ZDYWGD5Nnew · submitted 2026-06-03 · 💻 cs.CR · cs.SE

SoK: Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) Implementation in Software Systems

R.D.N. Shakya , C.P. Wijesiriwardana , S.M. Vidanagamachchi , Nalin A.G. Arachchilage This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-28 06:01 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.CR cs.SE
keywords post-quantum cryptographysoftware implementationsocio-technical systemsHOT frameworkPQC-HOT modelquantum threatscryptographic transitionimplementation challenges
0
0 comments X

The pith

PQC implementation in software requires coordinated human, organizational, and technological approaches rather than algorithm swaps alone.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This systematization of knowledge reviews existing work on putting post-quantum cryptography into real software systems. It finds that most attention goes to the technical performance of algorithms while human factors like skills and organizational issues like planning receive far less coverage. The paper shows that challenges arise from interactions across these areas rather than from any one in isolation. To help, the authors present the PQC-HOT model as a way to map interventions and guide transitions. A reader would care because quantum threats make the shift inevitable, yet isolated technical fixes are likely to fall short in practice.

Core claim

The paper establishes that PQC implementation extends beyond cryptographic replacement and represents a broader socio-technological transformation requiring coordinated approaches across all HOT dimensions. Challenges emerge as interconnected constraints that span human, organizational, and technological contexts and collectively shape outcomes. The PQC-HOT model is proposed to synthesize identified interventions and challenges into an integrated structure supporting systematic decision-making, planning, and organizational transition strategies.

What carries the argument

The PQC-HOT model, a conceptual framework that organizes implementation interventions and challenges across the Human, Organisation, and Technology dimensions to explain their interactions and guide coordinated planning.

If this is right

  • Implementation challenges are interconnected across human, organizational, and technological dimensions rather than isolated.
  • Current research shows a clear imbalance with technological solutions dominating the literature.
  • Successful outcomes require coordinated strategies that address all three dimensions together.
  • The PQC-HOT model can serve as a basis for organizational planning and transition roadmaps.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Teams adopting the model might discover specific training gaps or governance changes needed before technical work begins.
  • The same structure could be tested on other security transitions such as large-scale key rotation or zero-trust rollouts.
  • Empirical checks could measure whether projects using the model achieve faster or more complete migrations than those that do not.

Load-bearing premise

The reviewed literature, when grouped into human, organizational, and technological categories, supplies a sufficiently complete picture of actual implementation challenges.

What would settle it

A detailed case study or survey of organizations that have attempted PQC migration and uncovers major barriers that cannot be placed in the HOT categories or that show no cross-dimension interactions.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.04669 by C.P. Wijesiriwardana, Nalin A.G. Arachchilage, R.D.N. Shakya, S.M. Vidanagamachchi.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Constructed search string used for literature retrieval across selected digital libraries Security Symposium, Symposium on Usable Security and Privacy (USEC), Journal of Computer Security, ACM Trans￾actions on Computer-Human Interaction, Communications in Cryptology, ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS), IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, and Transaction… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: PRISMA flow diagram illustrating the study selection and screening process one additional eligible study. In Phase 3, we applied forward and backward snowballing to the studies selected in Phases 1 and 2. This resulted in the inclusion of three additional studies. Among these, two studies published in 2017 and 2019 were retained as exceptional cases due to their rele￾vance. After completion of all three ph… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Overview of PQC implementation approaches identified in the literature (RQ1) vulnerabilities and establish robust, quantum-resistant cryp￾tographic systems. These guidelines are primarily situated within the technological dimension of the HOT framework. 4.1.2. Frameworks (F1–F3) Frameworks are structured architectural or methodolog￾ical systems that enable the integration, deployment, and management of cry… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Challenges in PQC implementation in software systems (RQ2), structured across Human, Organisational, and Technological dimensions One major concern is the presence of algorithmic and structural weaknesses that adversaries can exploit to re￾cover sensitive information [23]. For example, re-creation attacks leverage publicly available parameters and structural patterns in cryptographic operations to reconstr… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: PQC-HOT socio-technological model for analysing Human, Organisational, and Technological interactions in PQC implementation in software systems a structured basis for understanding how risks propagate across dimensions and supports the development of inte￾grated interventions that jointly address technological ro￾bustness, human capability, and organisational readiness for secure and scalable PQC implement… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) is essential to protect software systems from emerging quantum-enabled threats. Although standardised PQC algorithms are now available, developers and organisations continue to face significant challenges in integrating them into real-world software systems. While existing studies primarily focus on cryptographic performance and algorithmic security, it provides limited understanding of the broader socio-technological factors that influence successful PQC implementation. This SoK investigates PQC implementation approaches and challenges through the Human, Organisation, and Technology (HOT) dimensions. By systematically synthesising existing approaches across these dimensions, we reveal a notable imbalance in the current body of knowledge, where technological solutions dominate, while human and organisational considerations remain underexplored. Our analysis further shows that PQC implementation challenges are not isolated to individual dimensions; rather, they emerge as interconnected socio-technological constraints that span HOT contexts, collectively shaping implementation outcomes. These findings indicate that PQC implementation extends beyond cryptographic replacement and represents a broader socio-technological transformation requiring coordinated approaches across all HOT dimensions. To address this gap, we propose the PQC-HOT model, a conceptual framework that explains how interactions among HOT dimensions collectively influence PQC implementation in software. The model synthesises the implementation interventions and challenges identified in the SoK into an integrated structure that supports systematic decision-making, planning, and organisational transition strategies. Based on these insights, we outline future research directions and design implications for scalable and sustainable PQC implementation in software systems.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper is an SoK on PQC implementation in software systems. It synthesizes literature through the Human-Organisation-Technology (HOT) lens, reports a strong imbalance (technology dominates while human and organisational factors are underexplored), argues that challenges are socio-technological and interconnected, and proposes the PQC-HOT model as an integrated conceptual framework to guide decision-making and transition strategies. It concludes with future research directions.

Significance. If the literature map is shown to be complete and the HOT categorisation reproducible, the work would usefully shift attention from isolated algorithmic performance to coordinated socio-technical planning for PQC deployment. The proposed PQC-HOT model could provide a practical organising structure for practitioners and a research agenda for the field.

major comments (2)
  1. [Methods / systematic review protocol] Methods / systematic review protocol (exact section number not visible in supplied text): the abstract and body claim a 'systematic synthesis' that reveals a 'notable imbalance' across HOT dimensions and underpins the PQC-HOT model, yet no search protocol, databases, keywords, date ranges, inclusion/exclusion criteria, total papers screened, papers per dimension, or inter-rater process for HOT assignment are provided. Without these details the reported imbalance cannot be verified and may be an artifact of selection or categorisation bias.
  2. [§4 / PQC-HOT model definition] §4 / PQC-HOT model definition: the model is presented as synthesising 'implementation interventions and challenges' into an integrated structure, but the paper does not specify how the three dimensions and their interactions were operationalised from the reviewed papers or how the model was validated against the source literature.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract / Introduction] Abstract and introduction: the claim that 'PQC implementation extends beyond cryptographic replacement' is repeated but would benefit from a short concrete example of a non-cryptographic constraint drawn from the reviewed literature.
  2. [Terminology / early sections] Terminology: 'HOT dimensions' and 'PQC-HOT model' are introduced without an early, compact definition or diagram that readers can refer to when the later analysis is presented.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments, which highlight important opportunities to improve methodological transparency and the description of our conceptual model. We address each point below and will revise the manuscript accordingly.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Methods / systematic review protocol] Methods / systematic review protocol (exact section number not visible in supplied text): the abstract and body claim a 'systematic synthesis' that reveals a 'notable imbalance' across HOT dimensions and underpins the PQC-HOT model, yet no search protocol, databases, keywords, date ranges, inclusion/exclusion criteria, total papers screened, papers per dimension, or inter-rater process for HOT assignment are provided. Without these details the reported imbalance cannot be verified and may be an artifact of selection or categorisation bias.

    Authors: We agree that the current manuscript lacks sufficient detail on the review process to allow independent verification of the reported imbalance. Although the work is framed as an SoK rather than a full PRISMA-style systematic review, the claim of 'systematic synthesis' requires supporting documentation. In the revised version we will insert a dedicated Methods section that specifies: the databases searched (IEEE Xplore, ACM DL, arXiv, Google Scholar), the keyword strings and date range used, inclusion/exclusion criteria, the total number of papers screened and retained, the distribution of papers across the three HOT dimensions, and the procedure (including any dual-coding or discussion steps) used to assign papers to dimensions. This addition will make the imbalance claim reproducible and address the concern about potential selection or categorisation bias. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [§4 / PQC-HOT model definition] §4 / PQC-HOT model definition: the model is presented as synthesising 'implementation interventions and challenges' into an integrated structure, but the paper does not specify how the three dimensions and their interactions were operationalised from the reviewed papers or how the model was validated against the source literature.

    Authors: We accept that the manuscript does not explicitly describe the operationalisation steps or provide a traceable mapping from source papers to model elements. In revision we will expand §4 to include: (1) explicit definitions of each HOT dimension as derived from the literature, (2) a table or set of examples showing how specific interventions and challenges identified in the reviewed papers were grouped into the three dimensions and their interactions, and (3) a clear statement that the model was constructed inductively from the synthesised findings rather than through separate empirical validation (e.g., expert review or case studies). We will also note the absence of formal validation as a limitation and suggest it as a direction for future work. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: synthesis derives from external literature

full rationale

The paper is an SoK that synthesizes external literature on PQC implementation challenges grouped by HOT dimensions and proposes the PQC-HOT model from that synthesis. No self-definitional equations, fitted inputs renamed as predictions, or load-bearing self-citations appear in the provided text. The derivation chain consists of literature review steps whose outputs are not forced by the paper's own inputs or prior author work; the central claims remain independent of any internal reduction.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 1 invented entities

The PQC-HOT model is introduced as a new integrative structure; the review relies on the standard assumption that literature can be partitioned into human/organizational/technical categories without loss of important interactions.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Existing PQC literature can be exhaustively and non-overlappingly classified into Human, Organisation, and Technology dimensions.
    Invoked when the authors state they synthesise approaches across these dimensions and reveal an imbalance.
invented entities (1)
  • PQC-HOT model no independent evidence
    purpose: Conceptual framework that maps interactions among HOT dimensions to support decision-making for PQC implementation.
    Newly proposed structure that organises the identified interventions and challenges; no independent falsifiable prediction is stated in the abstract.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5820 in / 1309 out tokens · 33613 ms · 2026-06-28T06:01:26.324288+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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Reference graph

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