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arxiv: 2606.20711 · v1 · pith:4ZFA3ASZnew · submitted 2026-06-16 · 💻 cs.CV · cs.AI

Video2Code: Generating Interactive Webpages from UI Videos via Action-Aware Revisit

Mingde Xu , Zhen Yang , Yan Wang , Yu Wang , Xijun Liu , Zijun Dou , Wenyi Hong , Xiaotao Gu
show 2 more authors
Bin Xu Jie Tang
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-27 00:59 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.CV cs.AI
keywords UI video-to-codestate-transition recoveryaction-aware revisitvideo understandingwebpage generationvision-language modelsfunctional correctnesstemporal clipping
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The pith

Video2Code recovers executable state transitions from UI videos by first locating action-critical regions coarsely then revisiting them at higher temporal resolution.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper formulates UI video-to-code generation as the recovery of executable state-action-state transitions and shows that standard vision-language models fail because their sparse sampling misses short action boundaries. Video2Code instead uses a two-stage process: coarse understanding identifies the important segments, after which a temporal clipping tool revisits those segments at finer resolution before the model emits HTML/CSS/JavaScript. Experiments indicate this non-uniform allocation of visual attention raises functional correctness, especially when interactions contain many quick steps. A sympathetic reader would care because videos are a natural way to specify both appearance and behavior, yet current models lose the causal links needed to produce working code.

Core claim

Video2Code addresses state-transition misalignment by performing coarse video understanding to locate action-critical regions, then invoking a temporal clipping tool to revisit these regions at higher temporal resolution before generating HTML/CSS/JavaScript code. The method is instantiated with action-aligned video-code supervision and evaluated under both visual and functional criteria on open-source models.

What carries the argument

Action-aware revisit: coarse video understanding locates action-critical regions, followed by temporal clipping for higher-resolution revisit before code generation.

If this is right

  • Functional correctness rises over direct video observation, particularly on dense multi-step interactions.
  • The underlying open-source vision-language model is strengthened for the UI video-to-code task.
  • State-action-state transitions become recoverable when visual budget is allocated non-uniformly rather than uniformly across frames.
  • Executable webpage code can be produced directly from interaction videos once misalignment is reduced.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same coarse-then-revisit pattern could be tested on other video-to-program tasks such as robot instruction following where timing of actions is critical.
  • If the coarse stage is replaced by a stronger video model, the revisit step might become even more accurate on long videos.
  • The approach implicitly suggests that uniform frame sampling is a bottleneck for any task requiring precise temporal causality.

Load-bearing premise

The coarse video understanding step can reliably locate action-critical regions without missing short boundaries or creating misalignment that the later high-resolution revisit cannot fix.

What would settle it

A test set of UI videos where the coarse stage misses at least one short action boundary and the final generated code still produces the wrong state transition even after the revisit stage.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.20711 by Bin Xu, Jie Tang, Mingde Xu, Wenyi Hong, Xiaotao Gu, Xijun Liu, Yan Wang, Yu Wang, Zhen Yang, Zijun Dou.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Motivating example of UI video-to-code generation. Static screenshots capture isolated UI states, while [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Overview of Video2Code. Action-Aware Revisit locates action-critical segments, revisits them with a temporal clipping tool, and generates executable webpage code from global and local evidence. view v as demonstrating a latent sequence of action￾conditioned UI transitions: Z(v) = {(si , ai , si+1, τi)} N i=1, where si and si+1 are the UI states before and af￾ter a user action ai , and τi = (t i s , ti e ) … view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Action-aligned supervision for Video2Code. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Further analysis of Video2Code on WebVideo2Code-Real under different interaction conditions, including interaction count, interaction-type entropy, and video length. from WebVideo2Code-Real. For functional correct￾ness, human annotators inspect the target video segment and generated webpage execution trace to judge whether the demonstrated action is success￾fully reproduced. The verifier achieves a 96.0% a… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Template used to construct webpage de￾sign prompts for generating interactive webpage HTML code [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Code Generation Prompt used for large-scale HTML synthesis. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Prompt for generating tool-call segments from interaction videos. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Prompt used to guide the model to produce an interaction logic thinking flow from clipped webpage [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Prompt used to reconstruct webpage HTML code from clipped webpage interaction video frames [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Prompt used to reconstruct interactive web [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Interaction replay prompt used to infer executable action instructions from video frames, DOM trees, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Prompt used to evaluate whether a replicated webpage correctly preserves the visual and functional [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: Prompt used to evaluate the initial-state visual similarity between the original webpage recording and the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_14.png] view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Demo cases of Video2Code on click interactions. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_15.png] view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: Demo cases of Video2Code on a text-input and click interaction sequence. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_16.png] view at source ↗
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: Demo cases of Video2Code on scroll interactions. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_17.png] view at source ↗
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: Demo cases of Video2Code on selection interactions. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p028_18.png] view at source ↗
Figure 19
Figure 19. Figure 19: Demo case of Video2Code on a scroll interaction. The figure compares the target frames from the input [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p029_19.png] view at source ↗
Figure 20
Figure 20. Figure 20: Demo case of Video2Code on a scroll interaction. The generated webpage preserves the long-page [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_20.png] view at source ↗
Figure 21
Figure 21. Figure 21: Demo case of Video2Code on a scroll interaction. The target video frames and generated full-screen [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p031_21.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

UI videos provide a natural input for generating interactive webpages, as they capture both webpage appearance and action-triggered state transitions. However, directly applying video-capable vision-language models to this task remains insufficient. Existing models typically rely on sparse sampling or compressed temporal representations, which may miss short action boundaries and break the state-action-state transitions needed to implement webpage behavior. We formulate UI video-to-code generation as executable state-transition recovery from interaction videos, and identify this failure mode as state-transition misalignment. We introduce Video2Code, an action-aware video-to-code approach for recovering executable UI state transitions. Rather than allocating the visual budget uniformly across the video, Video2Code first performs coarse video understanding to locate action-critical regions, then invokes a temporal clipping tool to revisit these regions at higher temporal resolution before generating HTML/CSS/JavaScript code. We instantiate Video2Code with action-aligned video-code supervision and evaluate it under both visual and functional criteria. Experiments show that Video2Code substantially strengthens the underlying open-source model for UI video-to-code generation, improving functional correctness over direct video observation, especially on dense multi-step interactions.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes Video2Code, a two-stage action-aware pipeline for UI video-to-code generation. It first performs coarse video understanding to locate action-critical regions, then applies a temporal clipping tool to revisit those regions at higher temporal resolution before generating executable HTML/CSS/JavaScript. The approach is motivated by the diagnosis that direct VLM sampling suffers from state-transition misalignment due to sparse or compressed temporal representations, and the paper claims that this targeted revisit substantially improves functional correctness over direct observation, especially on dense multi-step interactions, when instantiated with action-aligned supervision.

Significance. If the empirical gains hold under rigorous evaluation, the work provides a practical engineering augmentation for strengthening open-source VLMs on executable UI state-transition recovery without uniform visual-budget allocation. The explicit framing as state-transition recovery and the use of action-aligned video-code supervision are concrete strengths that could inform follow-on work in video-conditioned code generation.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract (paragraph on state-transition misalignment and the two-stage pipeline): the central claim that the coarse localization step reliably identifies short action boundaries (thereby enabling the high-resolution revisit to recover transitions that direct sampling misses) is load-bearing for the reported gains on dense multi-step interactions, yet the manuscript supplies no independent quantitative verification of localization precision or boundary accuracy; if the coarse stage inherits the same sparse-representation limitations, the subsequent clip cannot correct the misalignment.
  2. [Abstract] Abstract (experiments paragraph): the claim of 'substantially strengthens the underlying open-source model' and 'improving functional correctness' is stated without any reported numbers, error bars, dataset sizes, ablation results, or comparison tables, making it impossible to assess whether the improvement is statistically meaningful or concentrated exactly where the misalignment diagnosis predicts.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive feedback on the abstract. We address each major comment below and will revise the manuscript to incorporate additional quantitative support where appropriate.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract (paragraph on state-transition misalignment and the two-stage pipeline): the central claim that the coarse localization step reliably identifies short action boundaries (thereby enabling the high-resolution revisit to recover transitions that direct sampling misses) is load-bearing for the reported gains on dense multi-step interactions, yet the manuscript supplies no independent quantitative verification of localization precision or boundary accuracy; if the coarse stage inherits the same sparse-representation limitations, the subsequent clip cannot correct the misalignment.

    Authors: We agree that an independent quantitative verification of the coarse localization step's precision and boundary accuracy would strengthen the load-bearing claim. The current evaluation centers on end-to-end functional correctness of the generated code under visual and functional criteria, which provides indirect evidence that the action-critical regions are identified effectively enough to improve state-transition recovery. To directly address the concern, we will add a dedicated analysis section with metrics such as boundary precision/recall against ground-truth action annotations from the dataset. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract (experiments paragraph): the claim of 'substantially strengthens the underlying open-source model' and 'improving functional correctness' is stated without any reported numbers, error bars, dataset sizes, ablation results, or comparison tables, making it impossible to assess whether the improvement is statistically meaningful or concentrated exactly where the misalignment diagnosis predicts.

    Authors: Abstracts conventionally summarize high-level outcomes without full numerical detail. The full manuscript reports dataset sizes, ablation studies, comparison tables, and functional correctness metrics (including breakdowns on dense multi-step interactions) with the underlying open-source model. We will revise the abstract's experiments paragraph to include the key quantitative improvements in functional correctness to make the claims more self-contained. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; method is an empirical engineering augmentation

full rationale

The paper describes a two-stage pipeline (coarse video understanding to locate regions, followed by temporal clipping and high-resolution revisit) instantiated with action-aligned supervision and evaluated empirically on functional correctness. No equations, fitted parameters, self-definitional loops, or load-bearing self-citations are present that would reduce the claimed improvements to inputs by construction. The derivation chain is self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review; no explicit free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are stated. The method implicitly relies on the existence of identifiable action-critical regions and on the availability of action-aligned video-code pairs for supervision.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5751 in / 1143 out tokens · 26208 ms · 2026-06-27T00:59:25.646160+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

48 extracted references · 2 linked inside Pith

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    Ui2codeˆ n: A visual language model for test- time scalable interactive ui-to-code generation.arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.08195. Sukmin Yun, Haokun Lin, Rusiru Thushara, and 1 oth- ers. 2024. Web2code: A large-scale webpage-to- code dataset and evaluation framework for multi- modal llms.arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.20098. Boqiang Zhang, Kehan Li, Zesen Cheng, ...

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    <INSERT THEME FROM THEME LIST>

    Videollama 3: Frontier multimodal foundation models for image and video understanding.arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.13106. Yuanhan Zhang, Jinming Wu, Wei Li, Bo Li, Zejun Ma, Ziwei Liu, and Chunyuan Li. 2024. Llava-video: Video instruction tuning with synthetic data.arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.02713. Zheyu Zhang, Ziqi Pang, Shixing Chen, Xiang Hao, Vimal Bhat, ...

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  5. [5]

    The webpage content should revolve around the speci- fied theme and include a wide variety of theme-related modules

  6. [6]

    Each interactive component should cause corresponding and reasonable changes on the webpage

    The webpage must contain multiple interactive el- ements, limited to buttons, input fields , and dropdown selectors. Each interactive component should cause corresponding and reasonable changes on the webpage

  7. [7]

    The webpage content should be rich, detailed, and contextually diverse

  8. [8]

    Figure 5: Template used to construct webpage de- sign prompts for generating interactive webpage HTML code

    The output should only contain the final prompt for the AI to generate the webpage—without explana- tions, metadata, or additional commentary. Figure 5: Template used to construct webpage de- sign prompts for generating interactive webpage HTML code. Table 5: Error distribution on manually inspected failed cases fromWebVideo2Code-Real. Error Type Ratio Ev...

  9. [9]

    Generate a complete interactive single-page website rendered usingReact (v18)andTailwind CSS (v3+)

  10. [10]

    Return only the full source code wrapped within<html>...</html> tags.Do notinclude markdown wrappers, explanations, or code comments

  11. [11]

    https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/react@18.0.0/umd/react. development.js

    Must include the following dependencies: <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/react@18.0.0/umd/react. development.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/react-dom@18.0.0/umd/react-dom. development.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@babel/standalone/babel.js"></ script> <script src="https://cdn.tailwindcss.com"><...

  12. [12]

    All interactive components (input,button,select) must trigger meaningful updates to the rendered page

  13. [13]

    For editable content, use modals, dropdowns, or input forms with complete validation

  14. [14]

    Each image must have a fixed URL and remain constant across reloads

    Use real pictures fromhttps://picsum.photos/. Each image must have a fixed URL and remain constant across reloads. Page Structure and Layout:

  15. [15]

    Include logical partitions (navigation, sidebar, main content, etc.) referencing modern app layouts

  16. [16]

    Ensure all sections are populated; empty placeholders are not allowed

  17. [17]

    pretending to independently discover and observe

    The visual style must match the assigned theme (e.g., business, minimalism, tech, lifestyle). Notes: • Do not output explanations or text outside the code. • Ensure all theme-related UI logic is complete and intuitive. Webpage Description:<INSERT DETAILED PROMPT FROM STAGE 1> Figure 6: Code Generation Prompt used for large-scale HTML synthesis. For exampl...

  18. [18]

    reference operation list,

    Pretend to discover independently: Do not mention words such as “reference operation list,” “user-provided list,” or “which image” in the thinking process. Your tone must sound like you are watching the complete video frame by frame and then independently discovering these operations. Incorrect example: “According to reference operation 1, I see...” Corre...

  19. [19]

    At 4.5 seconds, I see an initial page layout, then the mouse moves and clicks, and at 5.0 seconds the page finishes loading

    Describe the operation and visual feedback in detail: For each time segment you mention, you may slightly modify the times based on the times in the followinguser timeline and operation reference descriptionto make it look more like an independent discovery. You must precisely describe what happens on the screen during that period. This includes: • What s...

  20. [20]

    video_url

    Special treatment: For operations marked asscroll browsing, there is no need to describe the specific operation details; you only need to describe that scrolling shows the overall structure of the entire page. Output Requirement 2: Tool Call Statement and Tool Call<tool></tool> After completing the thinking, briefly state in natural language that you have...

  21. [21]

    scrolling after the operation

    First observe the overall webpage layout: Before watching the first interaction short video, first inspect the webpage layout in the first video. This is the initial layout of the webpage, and you should describe it in detail. 2.Observe each operation: • Observe the mouse position: For each interaction short video, please observe thechanges in the mouse p...

  22. [22]

    pretending to watch videos

    Summarize and pretend that you are about to write code: At the end, summarize what functions you have observed that this webpage needs to have, and state that you are starting to write the code. You do not actually need to write it. Important Constraints • At this stage, do not mention any code terms, such asdiv,state,onclick, etc.; only describe the visu...

  23. [23]

    Build the initial page according to the first webpage screenshot provided by the user, and it must be completely consistent with the content of the first screenshot given to you

  24. [24]

    Do not omit any details, including background colors, fonts, font sizes, spacing, borders, icons, text, etc., all of which must strictly match the screenshots

  25. [25]

    Every sentence of text in the screenshots must be presented exactly as it is

  26. [26]

    microscope

    For image content, please use real images from thehttps://picsum.photos/ library, with URLs similar tohttps: //picsum.photos/id/.../.../.... Each image must explicitly list its URL; do not use reusable image components. The image URL of each webpage component must be fixed, and do not use random numbers to regenerate it each time. Core Task Requirements P...

  27. [27]

    Observe the overall page changes: Carefully observe the timeline screenshot sequence provided below. Focus on comparing theinitial screen before the operationand thefinal state/instant-change state, and do not omit any details on the page, such as a popup notification appearing in the upper-right corner, a newly added list item, etc. For screenshot sequen...

  28. [28]

    Make its functionality and visual feedback exactly the same as in the screenshots

    Precisely locate the source of interaction: In theinitial screen before the operationscreenshot, find the mouse position, infer which component was clicked or typed into, and ensure that these components exist in the reproduced webpage and possess the same capabilities as the original. Make its functionality and visual feedback exactly the same as in the ...

  29. [29]

    All interactive operations given to you must be perfectly reproduced in the generated HTML, meaning they must have complete functionality, and after completion the page must be consistent with the corresponding screenshot. Please use the following libraries: •React 18:https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/react@18.0.0/umd/react.development.js •ReactDOM 18:https://...

  30. [30]

    Only output the code inside the complete<html></html>tags

  31. [31]

    Ensure the code is complete HTML webpage code that can be rendered directly, and do not omit anything with ellipses

  32. [32]

    Video frames information <VIDEO FRAMES INFORMATION>

    Do not add markdown,html, or any additional text before or after the code. Video frames information <VIDEO FRAMES INFORMATION>. Figure 9: Prompt used to reconstruct webpage HTML code from clipped webpage interaction video frames 21 Video-based Webpage Reconstruction Prompt for Baseline Inference You are highly skilled in building interactive web pages usi...

  33. [33]

    Background colors, fonts, font sizes, spacing, borders, icons, text, etc., must strictly match the video

    Do not omit any details. Background colors, fonts, font sizes, spacing, borders, icons, text, etc., must strictly match the video

  34. [34]

    Every single line of text in the video must be pre- sented exactly as it is

  35. [35]

    microscopic

    For image content, please use real images from the https://picsum.photos/ library, with URLs sim- ilar to https://picsum.photos/id/.../.../.... Each image must explicitly list its URL; do not use reusable image components. The image URL for each web component must be fixed and not randomly re- generated every time. Core Task Requirements Please apply a “m...

  36. [36]

    Observe overall page changes: Carefully watch the interactive web page video sent by the user, and do not miss any details on the page, such as pop-up no- tifications appearing in the top right corner, newly added list items, etc

  37. [37]

    This means it must be fully functional, and upon completion, the page must exactly match the content in the video

    All interactive operations shown to you must be per- fectly replicated in the generated HTML. This means it must be fully functional, and upon completion, the page must exactly match the content in the video. Code Output Format

  38. [40]

    Figure 10: Prompt used to reconstruct interactive web- page HTML code directly from videos

    Do not add markdown backticks,html, or any addi- tional text before or after the code. Figure 10: Prompt used to reconstruct interactive web- page HTML code directly from videos. Frame-based Webpage Reconstruction Prompt for Baseline Inference You are highly skilled in building interactive web pages using React and Tailwind, and you can precisely reconstr...

  39. [41]

    Background colors, fonts, font sizes, spacing, borders, icons, text, etc., must strictly match the extracted frames

    Do not omit any details. Background colors, fonts, font sizes, spacing, borders, icons, text, etc., must strictly match the extracted frames

  40. [42]

    Every single line of text in the extracted frames must be presented exactly as it is

  41. [43]

    microscopic

    For image content, please use real images from the https://picsum.photos/ library, with URLs similar to https://picsum.photos/id/.../.../. Each image must explicitly list its URL; do not use reusable image components. The image URL for each web component must be fixed and not randomly re- generated every time. Core Task Requirements Please apply a “micros...

  42. [44]

    Only output the complete code within the <html></html>tags

  43. [45]

    Do not omit anything using ellipses

    Ensure the code is a complete, directly renderable HTML webpage. Do not omit anything using ellipses

  44. [46]

    zone–[x,y,w,h]

    Do not add markdown backticks, html, or any text before or after the code. Figure 11: Prompt used to reconstruct interactive web- page HTML code directly from videos frames. 22 Interaction Selection Prompt for Evaluation You are a webpage interaction replay assistant. I will give you a set of video frame screenshots arranged in chronological order, captur...

  45. [47]

    Compare the frames to identify the interaction that occurred in the original webpage

  46. [48]

    The interaction is usually exactly one of:click,enter(typing),select(dropdown), orscroll

  47. [49]

    Locate the corresponding element in the DOM Tree by matching visible_text, address, tag, input_value, options, and surrounding context

  48. [50]

    Important Notes on Number of Actions • In almost all cases, the interaction can and should be reproduced withone single action

    Output the action instruction needed to replay the interaction on the replicated webpage. Important Notes on Number of Actions • In almost all cases, the interaction can and should be reproduced withone single action. • Only outputtwo actionsin the special case where the video shows a dropdown/select-like interaction, but the replicated DOM Tree does not ...