pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.20902 · v1 · pith:5C4KTRTEnew · submitted 2026-06-18 · ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci · physics.app-ph· physics.bio-ph

Silicon Nanostructures for Biosensing: From Field-Effect Transistors to Photonic Resonators, and the Long Road to the Clinic

Ang Liu , Jun Cao , Zhihao Sun , Jingsong Shang This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-26 15:54 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci physics.app-phphysics.bio-ph
keywords silicon biosensorsnanowire field-effect transistorsporous siliconphotonic resonatorsDebye screeningdevice variabilityclinical translationbiosensor bottlenecks
0
0 comments X

The pith

Silicon biosensor platforms achieve high lab sensitivity but clinical use hinges on integration and benchmarking rather than new nanostructures.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This review examines thirty years of silicon nanostructure biosensors including nanowire field-effect transistors, porous silicon films, microring photonic resonators, and related devices. These platforms have reached single-molecule or sub-femtomolar detection in controlled lab settings thanks to silicon's low cost, smooth oxide, and CMOS compatibility. The authors identify recurring bottlenecks such as device variability and Debye screening in BioFETs, fouling and stability in porous silicon, and thermal drift in photonics, plus shared issues of calibration and real-biofluid validation. They conclude that future advances will come mainly from integrated readout systems, interface engineering, and systematic benchmarking of existing platforms.

Core claim

The paper claims that silicon's material advantages have enabled multiple transduction mechanisms with impressive laboratory performance across ion-sensitive transistors, ultrasensitive nanowires, refractive-index films, photonic resonators, cantilevers, quantum dots, and nanopores, yet clinical deployment remains rare because of well-characterized platform-specific bottlenecks and the need for better system-level solutions rather than additional nanostructure discoveries.

What carries the argument

The comparative synthesis of performance metrics and bottlenecks across nanowire BioFETs, porous silicon, silicon photonics, and emerging directions.

If this is right

  • Solutions to device variability and Debye screening will raise nanowire BioFET performance in real biofluids.
  • Better antifouling coatings and pore stability will extend porous silicon sensor lifetime and reliability.
  • Reduced thermal drift and improved packaging will make silicon photonic resonators more practical for continuous monitoring.
  • Standardized calibration and validation protocols will increase reproducibility across all silicon biosensor families.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same emphasis on interface engineering may apply to non-silicon nanostructure biosensors facing similar biofluid challenges.
  • Integrated readout approaches could shorten the path from lab prototype to point-of-care devices in other sensing fields.
  • Systematic benchmarking data might reveal transferable design rules for any label-free biosensor platform.

Load-bearing premise

The listed bottlenecks in variability, screening, fouling, drift, and validation are the dominant barriers to clinical use and can be overcome more effectively by integration and benchmarking than by new nanostructure discovery.

What would settle it

A demonstration that a newly discovered silicon nanostructure reaches widespread clinical use without corresponding gains from integration or benchmarking on existing platforms.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.20902 by Ang Liu, Jingsong Shang, Jun Cao, Zhihao Sun.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Historical and mechanistic landscape of silicon nanostructure biosensors. (A) Schematic of the ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET), the conceptual ancestor of BioFETs; adapted from Bergveld [2] with permission from Elsevier, copyright 2003. (B) Device schematic and scanning electron micrograph of a bottom-up silicon nanowire field-effect biosensor; adapted from Cui et al. [17] with permission fro… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Fabrication routes for silicon nanowire and nanoribbon BioFETs. (A) Process flow for bottom-up VLS growth of single-crystal Si nanowires; adapted from Patolsky et al. [13] with permission from Springer Nature, copyright 2006. (B) Schematic illustrating a biotin-modified SiNW (left) and subsequent binding of streptavidin to the SiNW surface (right) on a sensor chip; adapted from Cui et al. [17] with permiss… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Porous silicon fabrication, optical readouts, and surface engineering. (A) Different porous multilayered Si structures; adapted from Jane et al. [40] with permission from Elsevier, copyright 2009. (B) Optical microscope image [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Silicon photonic biosensor architectures. (A) Measured transmission spectra and measurement setup for SOI microring resonator; adapted from De Vos et al. [69] with permission from Optica Publishing Group, copyright 2007. (B) Optical microscope top-view photograph of a fabricated slot-waveguide ring resonator. A window is opened in the top over the ring to expose the sensor to different liquids; adapted fro… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Silicon nanowire BioFET detection demonstrations across analyte classes. (A) Conductance traces showing real-time electrical detection of single virus particles; adapted from Patolsky et al. [18] with permission from PNAS, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Porous silicon biosensing applications. (A) Schematic of porous silicon Fabry–Pérot biosensor for biomolecular binding; adapted from Lin et al. [36] with permission from AAAS, copyright 1997. (B) Reversible binding of IgG to a protein-A-modified porous silicon optical biosensor; adapted from Dancil et al. [37] with permission from the American Chemical Society, copyright 1999. (C) Real-time optical detecti… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Silicon photonic biosensor applications. (A) Schematic diagram illustrating the principle of microring optical resonator biosensing with an SEM image of a microring resonator and linear waveguide; adapted from [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Emerging silicon biosensing platforms. (A) Single-stranded DNA translocation events recorded through a solid-state silicon-nitride nanopore; adapted from Fologea et al. [59] with permission from the American Chemical [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_8.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Silicon has a unique combination of properties that makes it one of the best material choices for biosensor platforms: it is inexpensive, its native oxide is atomically smooth, its fabrication processes are CMOS-compatible and have been refined for more than three decades, and it can support many transduction mechanisms in biosensor design. Over the past thirty years, researchers and engineers have used silicon nanostructures to produce ion-sensitive transistors, ultrasensitive nanowire field-effect biosensors, refractive-index-based porous silicon films, microring photonic resonators, suspended cantilevers, luminescent quantum dots, and solid-state nanopores. These device families have demonstrated successful sensing capabilities at the single-molecule, single-virus, or sub-femtomolar level under laboratory conditions; however, they have rarely been widely deployed in clinical assays. This gap is mainly caused by several well-characterized bottlenecks: for nanowire BioFETs, device variability and Debye screening; for porous silicon, fouling, pore wetting, and surface stability; for silicon photonics, thermal drift, spectral readout, and packaging; and across all platforms, calibration, reproducibility, and validation in real biofluids. In this review, we trace the development of silicon biosensors from their early stages to their current state, search and organize the literature focusing on the three most mature platforms and a set of emerging directions, summarize and compare the performance and bottlenecks of different platforms, and argue that progress over the next decade will come primarily from integrated readout, interface engineering, and systematic benchmarking rather than from the discovery of new silicon nanostructures.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript is a review tracing the development of silicon nanostructures for biosensing over thirty years, covering platforms including nanowire BioFETs, porous silicon films, microring photonic resonators, and others. It summarizes laboratory demonstrations of high sensitivity (single-molecule to sub-femtomolar levels) but notes the lack of widespread clinical deployment, attributing this to well-documented bottlenecks such as device variability and Debye screening (BioFETs), fouling and pore stability (porous silicon), thermal drift and packaging (photonics), plus cross-platform issues of calibration and real-biofluid validation. The central argument is that future progress will derive primarily from integrated readout, interface engineering, and systematic benchmarking rather than discovery of new silicon nanostructures.

Significance. If the literature synthesis and identification of dominant bottlenecks hold, the review offers a structured consolidation of performance data across mature silicon biosensor families that could usefully redirect research emphasis toward translational engineering. Explicit credit is due for the platform-by-platform organization of limitations and the falsifiable framing of the forward-looking claim around integration versus new materials.

minor comments (3)
  1. [Introduction / Methods] The abstract states that the authors 'search and organize the literature focusing on the three most mature platforms'; the methods or introduction section should explicitly describe the search strategy, inclusion criteria, and time window used, as is standard for reproducible reviews.
  2. [Platform-specific sections] When summarizing bottlenecks (e.g., 'device variability and Debye screening' for nanowire BioFETs), the text should cross-reference specific tables or cited performance metrics that quantify the severity of each issue across studies, rather than relying solely on narrative description.
  3. [Discussion / Outlook] The claim that 'progress over the next decade will come primarily from integrated readout...' is presented without a dedicated comparison subsection; adding a short table contrasting reported gains from integration efforts versus new-nanostructure papers would make the argument more concrete.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their thorough and positive evaluation of our review. We appreciate the recognition that the manuscript provides a structured consolidation of performance data across silicon biosensor platforms and correctly identifies the dominant translational bottlenecks. The recommendation for minor revision is noted, and we will incorporate any editorial suggestions in the revised version.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; review paper with no derivations

full rationale

This is a literature review that organizes performance data and bottlenecks across silicon biosensor platforms from cited external sources. No equations, fitted parameters, predictions, or first-principles derivations are present. The central assessment—that future gains will come from integration and benchmarking—is a synthesis of known limitations rather than a reduction to self-defined inputs or self-citations. No load-bearing steps reduce by construction to the paper's own content.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

No new parameters, axioms, or invented entities are introduced; the work is a synthesis of existing biosensor research.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5832 in / 944 out tokens · 23520 ms · 2026-06-26T15:54:20.777071+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

102 extracted references · 3 linked inside Pith

  1. [1]

    Development of an Ion -Sensitive Solid-State Device for Neurophysiological Measurements

    Bergveld, P. Development of an Ion -Sensitive Solid-State Device for Neurophysiological Measurements. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 1970, BME-17 (1), 70–71

    1970

  2. [2]

    Thirty Years of ISFETOLOGY: What Happened in the Past 30 Years and What May Happen in the Next 30 Years

    Bergveld, P. Thirty Years of ISFETOLOGY: What Happened in the Past 30 Years and What May Happen in the Next 30 Years. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2003, 88 (1), 1–20

    2003

  3. [3]

    J.; Poghossian, A

    Schöning, M. J.; Poghossian, A. Recent Advances in Biologically Sensitive Field -Effect Transistors (BioFETs). Analyst 2002, 127 (9), 1137–1151

    2002

  4. [4]

    A Review of BioFET's Basic Principles and Materials for Biomedical Applications

    Sung, D.; Koo, J. A Review of BioFET's Basic Principles and Materials for Biomedical Applications. Biomed. Eng. Lett. 2021, 11, 85–96

    2021

  5. [5]

    A.; Lo Faro, M

    Leonardi, A. A.; Lo Faro, M. J.; Irrera, A. Biosensing Platforms Based on Silicon Nanostructures: A Critical Review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2021, 1160, 338393

    2021

  6. [6]

    Silicon -Based Biosensors: A Critical Review of Silicon's Role in Enhancing Biosensing Performance

    Muhammad, W., et al. Silicon -Based Biosensors: A Critical Review of Silicon's Role in Enhancing Biosensing Performance. Biosensors 2025, 15, 119

    2025

  7. [7]

    Silicon Nanowire Biosensor and Its Applications in Disease Diagnostics: A Review

    Zhang, G.-J.; Ning, Y. Silicon Nanowire Biosensor and Its Applications in Disease Diagnostics: A Review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 749, 1–15

    2012

  8. [8]

    A., et al

    Morales, M. A., et al. Guide to Selecting a Biorecognition Element for Biosensors. Bioconjugate Chem. 2018, 29 (10), 3231–3239

    2018

  9. [9]

    M.; Shopova, S

    Fan, X.; White, I. M.; Shopova, S. I.; Zhu, H.; Suter, J. D.; Sun, Y. Sensitive Optical Biosensors for Unlabeled Targets: A Review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2008, 620 (1–2), 8–26

    2008

  10. [10]

    Canham, L. T. Silicon Quantum Wire Array Fabrication by Electrochemical and Chemical Dissolution of Wafers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1990, 57 (10), 1046–1048

    1990

  11. [11]

    P.; Buriak, J

    Stewart, M. P.; Buriak, J. M. Photopatterned Hydrosilylation on Porous Silicon. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3257–3260

    1998

  12. [12]

    Buriak, J. M. Lewis Acid Mediated Hydrosilylation on Porous Silicon Surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 11491–11502

    1999

  13. [13]

    Patolsky, F.; Zheng, G.; Lieber, C. M. Fabrication of Silicon Nanowire Devices for Ultrasensitive, Label -Free, Real-Time Detection of Biological and Chemical Species. Nat. Protoc. 2006, 1 (4), 1711 –1724

    2006

  14. [14]

    P.; Williams, R

    Park, I.; Li, Z.; Pisano, A. P.; Williams, R. S. Top -Down Fabricated Silicon Nanowire Sensors for Real -Time Chemical Detection. Nanotechnology 2010, 21 (1), 015501

    2010

  15. [15]

    Process Variability in Top-Down Fabrication of Silicon Nanowire-Based Biosensors

    Tintelott, M., et al. Process Variability in Top-Down Fabrication of Silicon Nanowire-Based Biosensors. Sensors 2021, 21 (15), 5153

    2021

  16. [16]

    P., et al

    Tran, D. P., et al. CMOS -Compatible Silicon Nanowire Field -Effect Transistor Biosensor: Technology Development toward Commercialization. Materials 2018, 11 (5), 785

    2018

  17. [17]

    Cui, Y.; Wei, Q.; Park, H.; Lieber, C. M. Nanowire Nanosensors for Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Biological and Chemical Species. Science 2001, 293 (5533), 1289–1292

    2001

  18. [18]

    Patolsky, F.; Zheng, G.; Hayden, O.; Lakadamyali, M.; Zhuang, X.; Lieber, C. M. Electrical Detection of Single Viruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004, 101 (39), 14017–14022

    2004

  19. [19]

    U.; Lieber, C

    Zheng, G.; Patolsky, F.; Cui, Y.; Wang, W. U.; Lieber, C. M. Multiplexed Electrical Detection of Cancer Markers with Nanowire Sensor Arrays. Nat. Biotechnol. 2005, 23 (10), 1294 –1301

    2005

  20. [20]

    F.; Routenberg, D

    Stern, E.; Klemic, J. F.; Routenberg, D. A.; Wyrembak, P. N.; Turner-Evans, D. B.; Hamilton, A. D.; LaVan, D. A.; Fahmy, T. M.; Reed, M. A. Label -Free Immunodetection with CMOS -Compatible Semiconducting Nanowires. Nature 2007, 445 (7127), 519–522

    2007

  21. [21]

    E.; Linnros, J

    Elfström, N.; Karlström, A. E.; Linnros, J. Silicon Nanoribbons for Electrical Detection of Biomolecules. Nano Lett. 2008, 8 (3), 945–949

    2008

  22. [22]

    Nernst Limit in Dual-Gated Si-Nanowire FET Sensors

    Knopfmacher, O.; Tarasov, A.; Fu, W.; Wipf, M.; Niesen, B.; Calame, M.; Schönenberger, C. Nernst Limit in Dual-Gated Si-Nanowire FET Sensors. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 2268–2274

    2010

  23. [23]

    Silicon-Nanowire-Based CMOS-Compatible Field- Effect Transistor Nanosensors for Ultrasensitive Electrical Detection of Nucleic Acids

    Gao, A.; Lu, N.; Dai, P.; Li, T.; Gao, X.; Wang, Y.; Fan, C. Silicon-Nanowire-Based CMOS-Compatible Field- Effect Transistor Nanosensors for Ultrasensitive Electrical Detection of Nucleic Acids. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 3974–3978

    2011

  24. [24]

    Biorecognition Layer Engineering: Overcoming Screening Limitations of Nanowire -Based FET Devices

    Elnathan, R.; Kwiat, M.; Pevzner, A.; Engel, Y.; Burstein, L.; Khatchtourints, A.; Lichtenstein, A.; Kantaev, R.; Patolsky, F. Biorecognition Layer Engineering: Overcoming Screening Limitations of Nanowire -Based FET Devices. Nano Lett. 2012, 12 (10), 5245–5254

    2012

  25. [25]

    S.; Zhong, Z

    Kulkarni, G. S.; Zhong, Z. Detection beyond the Debye Screening Length in a High -Frequency Nanoelectronic Biosensor. Nano Lett. 2012, 12 (2), 719–723

    2012

  26. [26]

    K.; Routenberg, D

    Duan, X.; Li, Y.; Rajan, N. K.; Routenberg, D. A.; Modis, Y.; Reed, M. A. Quantification of the Affinities and Kinetics of Protein Interactions Using Silicon Nanowire Biosensors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7 (6), 401 –407

    2012

  27. [27]

    -M.; Lieber, C

    Gao, N.; Zhou, W.; Jiang, X.; Hong, G.; Fu, T. -M.; Lieber, C. M. General Strategy for Biodetection in High Ionic Strength Solutions Using Transistor-Based Nanoelectronic Sensors. Nano Lett. 2015, 15 (3), 2143–2148

    2015

  28. [28]

    Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistor Sensors with Minimal Sensor - to-Sensor Variations and Enhanced Sensing Characteristics

    Zafar, S.; D'Emic, C.; Alzate, R., et al. Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistor Sensors with Minimal Sensor - to-Sensor Variations and Enhanced Sensing Characteristics. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 6577 –6587

    2018

  29. [29]

    A Calibration Strategy for Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors and Its Application in Ultra-Sensitive, Label-Free Biosensing

    Chen, D.; Xu, T.; Dou, Y.; Li, T. A Calibration Strategy for Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors and Its Application in Ultra-Sensitive, Label-Free Biosensing. ACS Nano 2024, 18 (33), 21873–21885

    2024

  30. [30]

    Exosomal Membrane Proteins Analysis Using a Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistor Biosensor

    Qin, M., et al. Exosomal Membrane Proteins Analysis Using a Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistor Biosensor. Talanta 2024, 278, 126534

    2024

  31. [31]

    CRISPR/Cas12a -Functionalized Silicon Nanowires Field -Effect Transistor Sensor for Ultra - Sensitive Detection of Pathogen Nucleic Acids

    Li, Y., et al. CRISPR/Cas12a -Functionalized Silicon Nanowires Field -Effect Transistor Sensor for Ultra - Sensitive Detection of Pathogen Nucleic Acids. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2025, 276, 117936

    2025

  32. [32]

    A Highly Sensitive Silicon Nanowire Array Field Effect Transistor Biosensor for Detecting HBV- DNA and AFP

    Sun, P., et al. A Highly Sensitive Silicon Nanowire Array Field Effect Transistor Biosensor for Detecting HBV- DNA and AFP. Sensors 2025, 25 (20), 6385

    2025

  33. [33]

    M.; Hinz, W.; Rearick, T

    Rothberg, J. M.; Hinz, W.; Rearick, T. M.; Schultz, J.; Mileski, W.; Davey, M.; Leamon, J. H.; Johnson, K.; Milgrew, M. J.; Edwards, M., et al. An Integrated Semiconductor Device Enabling Non -Optical Genome Sequencing. Nature 2011, 475 (7356), 348–352

    2011

  34. [34]

    M.; Reed, S

    Toumazou, C.; Shepherd, L. M.; Reed, S. C., et al. Simultaneous DNA Amplification and Detection Using a pH- Sensing Semiconductor System. Nat. Methods 2013, 10 (7), 641 –646

    2013

  35. [35]

    Arshavsky-Graham, S.; Massad-Ivanir, N.; Segal, E.; Weiss, S. M. Porous Silicon -Based Photonic Biosensors: Current Status and Emerging Applications. Anal. Chem. 2019, 91 (1), 441 –467

    2019

  36. [36]

    Lin, V. S. -Y.; Motesharei, K.; Dancil, K. -P. S.; Sailor, M. J.; Ghadiri, M. R. A Porous Silicon -Based Optical Interferometric Biosensor. Science 1997, 278 (5339), 840–843

    1997

  37. [37]

    Dancil, K. -P. S.; Greiner, D. P.; Sailor, M. J. A Porous Silicon Optical Biosensor: Detection of Reversible Binding of IgG to a Protein A-Modified Surface. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 7925–7930

    1999

  38. [38]

    A.; Link, J

    Cunin, F.; Schmedake, T. A.; Link, J. R.; Li, Y.-Y.; Koh, J.; Bhatia, S. N.; Sailor, M. J. Biomolecular Screening with Encoded Porous-Silicon Photonic Crystals. Nat. Mater. 2002, 1 (1), 39–41

    2002

  39. [39]

    J.; Cunin, F.; Miskelly, G

    Pacholski, C.; Sartor, M.; Sailor, M. J.; Cunin, F.; Miskelly, G. M. Biosensing Using Porous Silicon Double - Layer Interferometers: Reflective Interferometric Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127 (33), 11636–11645

    2005

  40. [40]

    Jane, A.; Dronov, R.; Hodges, A.; Voelcker, N. H. Porous Silicon Biosensors on the Advance. Trends Biotechnol. 2009, 27 (4), 230–239

    2009

  41. [41]

    A.; Segal, E

    Massad-Ivanir, N.; Shtenberg, G.; Tzur, A.; Krepker, M. A.; Segal, E. Porous Silicon-Based Biosensors: Towards Real-Time Optical Detection of Target Bacteria in the Food Industry. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 38099

    2016

  42. [42]

    A Lectin -Coupled Porous Silicon -Based Biosensor: Label-Free Optical Detection of Bacteria in a Real-Time Mode

    Yaghoubi, M.; Gholizadeh, S.; Faridi -Majidi, R., et al. A Lectin -Coupled Porous Silicon -Based Biosensor: Label-Free Optical Detection of Bacteria in a Real-Time Mode. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 16017

    2020

  43. [43]

    Enhancing the Performance of Porous Silicon Biosensors: The Interplay of Nanostructure Design and Microfluidic Integration

    Awawdeh, K., et al. Enhancing the Performance of Porous Silicon Biosensors: The Interplay of Nanostructure Design and Microfluidic Integration. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 2024, 10, 100

    2024

  44. [44]

    Layer -by-Layer Biofunctionalization of Nanostructured Porous Silicon for High -Sensitivity and High-Stability Affinity Sensing in Complex Matrices

    Mariani, S., et al. Layer -by-Layer Biofunctionalization of Nanostructured Porous Silicon for High -Sensitivity and High-Stability Affinity Sensing in Complex Matrices. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 5256

    2018

  45. [45]

    T.; Laibinis, P

    Zhao, Y.; Gaur, G.; Retterer, S. T.; Laibinis, P. E.; Weiss, S. M. Flow -Through Porous Silicon Membranes for Real-Time Label-Free Biosensing. arXiv 2016, 1607.04666

    Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  46. [46]

    J.; Cao, T.; Zhou, X.; Chang, C.; Weiss, S

    Ward, S. J.; Cao, T.; Zhou, X.; Chang, C.; Weiss, S. M. Capture Agent Free Biosensing Using Porous Silicon Arrays and Machine Learning. arXiv 2022, 2201.11671

    arXiv 2022

  47. [47]

    Porous Silicon-Based Electrochemical Biosensors

    Setzu, S., et al. Porous Silicon-Based Electrochemical Biosensors. In Electrochemical Sensors, Technology and Applications; IntechOpen, 2011

    2011

  48. [48]

    A Review on Porous Silicon Based Electrochemical Biosensors: Beyond Surface Area Enhancement Factor

    RoyChaudhuri, C. A Review on Porous Silicon Based Electrochemical Biosensors: Beyond Surface Area Enhancement Factor. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2015, 210, 310–323

    2015

  49. [49]

    Porous Silicon Nanostructures as Effective Faradaic Electrochemical Sensing Platforms

    Guo, K., et al. Porous Silicon Nanostructures as Effective Faradaic Electrochemical Sensing Platforms. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1809206

    2019

  50. [50]

    Designing Electrochemical Biosensing Platforms Using Layered Carbon-Stabilized Porous Silicon Nanostructures with Site-Specific Chemistries

    Guo, K., et al. Designing Electrochemical Biosensing Platforms Using Layered Carbon-Stabilized Porous Silicon Nanostructures with Site-Specific Chemistries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 17787 –17798

    2022

  51. [51]

    P., et al

    Chin, G. P., et al. Carbon-Stabilized Porous Silicon Biosensor for the Ultrasensitive Label-Free Electrochemical Detection of Bacterial RNA Gene Fragments. Biosens. Bioelectron. X 2024, 16, 100438

    2024

  52. [52]

    Recent Advances in Silicon Quantum Dot -Based Fluorescent Biosensors

    Zhang, Y.; Cai, N.; Chan, V. Recent Advances in Silicon Quantum Dot -Based Fluorescent Biosensors. Biosensors 2023, 13 (3), 311

    2023

  53. [53]

    Water Soluble Silicon Quantum Dot Based Fluorescence Immunoassay Probe for C -Reactive Protein (CRP) Detection

    Sebastian, D.; Arif, M.; Ramakrishnan, K. Water Soluble Silicon Quantum Dot Based Fluorescence Immunoassay Probe for C -Reactive Protein (CRP) Detection. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2023, 443, 114894

    2023

  54. [54]

    N.; Swihart, M

    Erogbogbo, F.; Yong, K.-T.; Roy, I.; Xu, G.; Prasad, P. N.; Swihart, M. T. Biocompatible Luminescent Silicon Quantum Dots for Imaging of Cancer Cells. ACS Nano 2008, 2 (5), 873 –878

    2008

  55. [55]

    N.; Sailor, M

    Park, J.-H.; Gu, L.; von Maltzahn, G.; Ruoslahti, E.; Bhatia, S. N.; Sailor, M. J. Biodegradable Luminescent Porous Silicon Nanoparticles for In Vivo Applications. Nat. Mater. 2009, 8 (4), 331 –336

    2009

  56. [56]

    J.; Qin, Z.; Anglin, E.; Joo, J.; Mooney, D

    Gu, L.; Hall, D. J.; Qin, Z.; Anglin, E.; Joo, J.; Mooney, D. J.; Howell, S. B.; Sailor, M. J. In Vivo Time -Gated Fluorescence Imaging with Biodegradable Luminescent Porous Silicon Nanoparticles. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 2326

    2013

  57. [57]

    J.; Golovchenko, J

    Li, J.; Stein, D.; McMullan, C.; Branton, D.; Aziz, M. J.; Golovchenko, J. A. Ion-Beam Sculpting at Nanometre Length Scales. Nature 2001, 412 (6843), 166–169

    2001

  58. [58]

    J.; Chen, J

    Storm, A. J.; Chen, J. H.; Ling, X. S.; Zandbergen, H. W.; Dekker, C. Fabrication of Solid-State Nanopores with Single-Nanometre Precision. Nat. Mater. 2003, 2 (8), 537–540

    2003

  59. [59]

    S.; Golovchenko, J

    Fologea, D.; Gershow, M.; Ledden, B.; McNabb, D. S.; Golovchenko, J. A.; Li, J. Detecting Single Stranded DNA with a Solid State Nanopore. Nano Lett. 2005, 5 (10), 1905–1909

    2005

  60. [60]

    Towards Rapid DNA Sequencing: Detecting Single-Stranded DNA with a Solid-State Nanopore

    Yan, H.; Xu, B. Towards Rapid DNA Sequencing: Detecting Single-Stranded DNA with a Solid-State Nanopore. Small 2006, 2 (3), 310–312

    2006

  61. [61]

    Solid-State Nanopores

    Dekker, C. Solid-State Nanopores. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2 (4), 209–215

    2007

  62. [62]

    W.; Marziali, A.; Bayley, H.; Benner, S

    Branton, D.; Deamer, D. W.; Marziali, A.; Bayley, H.; Benner, S. A.; Butler, T.; Di Ventra, M.; Garaj, S.; Hibbs, A.; Huang, X., et al. The Potential and Challenges of Nanopore Sequencing. Nat. Biotechnol. 2008, 26 (10), 1146–1153

    2008

  63. [63]

    Nanopores: A Journey Towards DNA Sequencing

    Wanunu, M. Nanopores: A Journey Towards DNA Sequencing. Phys. Life Rev. 2012, 9 (2), 125 –158

    2012

  64. [64]

    N.; Ivanov, A

    Miles, B. N.; Ivanov, A. P.; Wilson, K. A.; Dogan, F.; Japrung, D.; Edel, J. B. Single Molecule Sensing with Solid-State Nanopores: Novel Materials, Methods, and Applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42 (1), 15 –28

    2013

  65. [65]

    Data Analysis Methods for Solid-State Nanopores

    Plesa, C.; Dekker, C. Data Analysis Methods for Solid-State Nanopores. Nanotechnology 2015, 26 (8), 084003

    2015

  66. [66]

    Dutt, S.; Shao, H.; Karawdeniya, B.; Bandara, Y. M. N. D. Y.; Daskalaki, E.; Suominen, H.; Kluth, P. High Accuracy Protein Identification: Fusion of Solid-State Nanopore Sensing and Machine Learning. Small Methods 2023

    2023

  67. [67]

    V.; Jain, S.; Kistermann, K.; Sakurai, K.; Stemme, G.; Herland, A.; Mayer, J.; Niklaus, F.; Raja, S

    Leva, C. V.; Jain, S.; Kistermann, K.; Sakurai, K.; Stemme, G.; Herland, A.; Mayer, J.; Niklaus, F.; Raja, S. N. Localized Nanopore Fabrication in Silicon Nitride Membranes by Femtosecond Laser Exposure and Subsequent Controlled Breakdown. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2025, 17 (5), 8737–8748

    2025

  68. [68]

    Ramirez-Priego, P.; Alonso-Fernández, A.; Soler, M.; Lechuga, L. M. Silicon Photonic Biosensors in Clinical Diagnostics: Emerging Opportunities and Challenges. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2026, 28, 25 –51

    2026

  69. [69]

    Silicon -on-Insulator Microring Resonator for Sensitive and Label-Free Biosensing

    De Vos, K.; Bartolozzi, I.; Schacht, E.; Bienstman, P.; Baets, R. Silicon -on-Insulator Microring Resonator for Sensitive and Label-Free Biosensing. Opt. Express 2007, 15 (12), 7610–7615

    2007

  70. [70]

    A.; Gylfason, K

    Barrios, C. A.; Gylfason, K. B.; Sánchez, B.; Griol, A.; Sohlström, H.; Holgado, M.; Casquel, R. Slot-Waveguide Biochemical Sensor. Opt. Lett. 2007, 32 (21), 3080–3082

    2007

  71. [71]

    A.; Bañuls, M

    Barrios, C. A.; Bañuls, M. J.; González -Pedro, V.; Gylfason, K. B.; Sánchez, B.; Griol, A.; Maquieira, A.; Sohlström, H.; Holgado, M.; Casquel, R. Label-Free Optical Biosensing with Slot-Waveguides. Opt. Lett. 2008, 33 (7), 708–710

    2008

  72. [72]

    Label -Free Biosensing with a Slot-Waveguide-Based Ring Resonator in Silicon on Insulator

    Claes, T.; Bogaerts, W.; Bienstman, P.; Vernier, N.; De Vos, K.; Van Thourhout, D.; Baets, R. Label -Free Biosensing with a Slot-Waveguide-Based Ring Resonator in Silicon on Insulator. IEEE Photonics J. 2009, 1 (3), 197–204

    2009

  73. [73]

    -X.; Janz, S.; Ma, R.; Li, Y

    Densmore, A.; Vachon, M.; Xu, D. -X.; Janz, S.; Ma, R.; Li, Y. -H.; Lopinski, G.; Delâge, A.; Lapointe, J.; Luebbert, C. C.; Liu, Q. Y.; Cheben, P.; Schmid, J. H. Silicon Photonic Wire Biosensor Array for Multiplexed Real-Time and Label-Free Molecular Detection. Opt. Lett. 2009, 34 (23), 3598–3600

    2009

  74. [74]

    L.; Gunn, L

    Washburn, A. L.; Gunn, L. C.; Bailey, R. C. Label-Free Quantitation of a Cancer Biomarker in Complex Media Using Silicon Photonic Microring Resonators. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81 (22), 9499 –9506

    2009

  75. [75]

    A.; Spaugh, B.; Tybor, F.; Gunn, W

    Iqbal, M.; Gleeson, M. A.; Spaugh, B.; Tybor, F.; Gunn, W. G.; Hochberg, M.; Baehr -Jones, T.; Bailey, R. C.; Gunn, L. C. Label-Free Biosensor Arrays Based on Silicon Ring Resonators and High -Speed Optical Scanning Instrumentation. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2010, 16 (3), 654–661

    2010

  76. [76]

    -C.; Alvarez, M.; Lechuga, L

    Estevez, M. -C.; Alvarez, M.; Lechuga, L. M. Integrated Optical Devices for Lab -on-a-Chip Biosensing Applications. Laser Photonics Rev. 2012, 6 (4), 463–487

    2012

  77. [77]

    G.; Cheben, P.; Ortega-Moñux, A.; Alonso-Ramos, C.; Pérez-Galacho, D.; Halir, R.; Xu, D.-X.; Schmid, J

    Wangüemert-Pérez, J. G.; Cheben, P.; Ortega-Moñux, A.; Alonso-Ramos, C.; Pérez-Galacho, D.; Halir, R.; Xu, D.-X.; Schmid, J. H.; Molina -Fernández, I. Evanescent Field Waveguide Sensing with Subwavelength Grating Structures in Silicon-on-Insulator. Opt. Lett. 2014, 39, 4442–4445

    2014

  78. [78]

    -C.; Cardenosa-Rubio, M.; Astua, A.; Lechuga, L

    Soler, M.; Estevez, M. -C.; Cardenosa-Rubio, M.; Astua, A.; Lechuga, L. M. How Nanophotonic Label -Free Biosensors Can Contribute to Rapid and Massive Diagnostics of Respiratory Virus Infections: COVID-19 Case. ACS Sensors 2020, 5 (9), 2663–2678

    2020

  79. [79]

    M.; Hlaing, M.; Jain, S.; Fan, J.; An, Y.; Chen, R

    Yoo, K. M.; Hlaing, M.; Jain, S.; Fan, J.; An, Y.; Chen, R. T. Lab-on-a-Chip Optical Biosensor Platform: Micro Ring Resonator Integrated with Near-Infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometer. arXiv 2022, 2207.07754

    arXiv 2022

  80. [80]

    S., et al

    Puumala, L. S., et al. Biofunctionalization of Multiplexed Silicon Photonic Biosensors. Biosensors 2023, 13 (1), 53

    2023

Showing first 80 references.