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Syntactic and Semantic Control of Large Language Models via Sequential Monte Carlo

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arxiv 2504.13139 v2 pith:5WWEN2ZL submitted 2025-04-17 cs.CL cs.AIcs.LG

classification cs.CLcs.AIcs.LG
keywords generationlanguageconstraintsdistributionmodelsprobabilisticallowscarlo
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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A wide range of LM applications require generating text that conforms to syntactic or semantic constraints. Imposing such constraints can be naturally framed as probabilistic conditioning, but exact generation from the resulting distribution -- which can differ substantially from the LM's base distribution -- is generally intractable. In this work, we develop an architecture for controlled LM generation based on sequential Monte Carlo (SMC). Our SMC framework allows us to flexibly incorporate domain- and problem-specific constraints at inference time, and efficiently reallocate computational resources in light of new information during the course of generation. By comparing to a number of alternatives and ablations on four challenging domains -- Python code generation for data science, text-to-SQL, goal inference, and molecule synthesis -- we demonstrate that, with little overhead, our approach allows small open-source language models to outperform models over 8x larger, as well as closed-source, fine-tuned ones. In support of the probabilistic perspective, we show that these performance improvements are driven by better approximation to the posterior distribution. Our system builds on the framework of Lew et al. (2023) and integrates with its language model probabilistic programming language, giving users a simple, programmable way to apply SMC to a broad variety of controlled generation problems.

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Forward citations

Cited by 5 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. The Format Tax

    cs.CL 2026-04 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Structured-output instructions alone impose a large accuracy tax on open-weight LLMs; decoupling freeform reasoning from formatting recovers most of it, while recent closed models largely avoid the tax.

  2. Constrained Adaptive Rejection Sampling

    cs.AI 2025-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    CARS is an exact constrained-sampling algorithm that prunes all constraint-violating token continuations encountered along sampled paths, monotonically raising acceptance rate while preserving the target conditional d...

  3. Modeling Open-World Cognition as On-Demand Synthesis of Probabilistic Models

    cs.CL 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A hybrid language-model and probabilistic-program architecture predicts human judgments on novel open-world reasoning vignettes better than language-model-only baselines.

  4. Linear representations of grammaticality in neural language models

    cs.CL 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Grammaticality is linearly decodable from language model sentence representations and generalizes across phenomena and languages in larger models.

  5. Rare Event Analysis of Large Language Models

    cs.LG 2026-02 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Using annealed transition path sampling plus MBAR reweighting, the authors estimate TinyStories-8M completion probabilities for extreme ARI and log-probability values that are unobservable by direct sampling.

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