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arxiv: 2606.25982 · v1 · pith:GHIMFXT5new · submitted 2026-06-24 · ✦ hep-ph · hep-ex· hep-th

Lepton number violation at hadron colliders via pseudo-Dirac heavy neutral leptons

Stefan Antusch , Jan Hajer , Bruno M. S. Oliveira This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-25 19:52 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph hep-exhep-th
keywords lepton number violationpseudo-Dirac heavy neutral leptonsseesaw modelshadron collidersneutrino oscillationsLHCFCC-hh
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0 comments X

The pith

Damped heavy neutrino-antineutrino oscillations alleviate suppression of lepton number violation from pseudo-Dirac HNLs at hadron colliders.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Symmetry-protected low-scale seesaw models predict pseudo-Dirac heavy neutral leptons that can produce lepton number violation at colliders without fine-tuning. Standard plane-wave calculations show strong suppression of these signals from destructive interference between the two nearly degenerate states. The paper demonstrates that damped neutrino-antineutrino oscillations reduce this suppression and improve observability. It compares sensitivities in lepton-number-violating and lepton-number-blind channels at the LHC and future machines, finding that the violating channels are stronger but still limited by small mass splittings. Combining the two channel types distinguishes the pseudo-Dirac case from the double-Majorana limit in the intermediate regime.

Core claim

In symmetry-protected realisations of the low-scale seesaw, the amplitudes for lepton number violation from pseudo-Dirac heavy neutral leptons are strongly suppressed by destructive interference between the contributions of the two quasi-degenerate HNLs within the usual QFT plane-wave treatment. Damped heavy neutrino-antineutrino oscillations significantly alleviate this suppression. This leads to improved sensitivities in LN-violating channels at the LHC, FCC-hh and SppC, although small mass splittings still reduce those sensitivities, and the combination of LN-blind and LN-violating searches distinguishes a pseudo-Dirac pair from the double-Majorana limit when violation is observable but n

What carries the argument

Damped heavy neutrino-antineutrino oscillations that modify the interference in lepton number violating amplitudes for quasi-degenerate pseudo-Dirac HNL pairs.

If this is right

  • Lepton number violating searches outperform lepton number blind searches at the LHC, FCC-hh and SppC.
  • Small mass splittings in the pseudo-Dirac HNL pair drastically reduce sensitivities in the lepton number violating channels.
  • Combining lepton number blind and violating searches distinguishes a pseudo-Dirac HNL pair from the double-Majorana limit in the regime where violation is observable but not saturated.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Collider analyses for quasi-degenerate particles may need to incorporate oscillation damping to avoid underestimating sensitivities.
  • The same damping mechanism could affect interference suppression in other processes involving nearly degenerate states.
  • Future experiments could use the intermediate regime to test whether observed signals arise from pseudo-Dirac rather than Majorana pairs.

Load-bearing premise

The usual QFT plane-wave treatment produces strong destructive interference that suppresses the lepton number violation amplitudes in the pseudo-Dirac limit.

What would settle it

A search at the LHC or FCC-hh that finds lepton number violating events from HNLs with small mass splittings at rates consistent with the damped-oscillation prediction but inconsistent with the unsuppressed plane-wave result would test the claim; the opposite result would challenge it.

read the original abstract

Symmetry-protected low-scale seesaw models can account for the observed neutrino flavour oscillations without fine-tuning, while yielding collider-accessible signatures through pseudo-Dirac heavy neutral leptons (HNLs). Seesaw frameworks generically predict lepton number (LN) violation, which provides a powerful discovery channel. In symmetry-protected realisations, however, the amplitudes for LN violation are strongly suppressed by destructive interference between the contributions of the two quasi-degenerate HNLs within the usual QFT plane-wave treatment. We demonstrate that damped heavy neutrino-antineutrino oscillations significantly alleviate this suppression. We compare the sensitivities to pseudo-Dirac HNLs in both LN-blind and LN-violating channels at the LHC and future hadron colliders such as the FCC-$hh$ and the S$pp$C. We find that, although searches for LN violation outperform their LN-blind counterparts, small mass splittings in the pseudo-Dirac HNL pair can drastically reduce the sensitivities in these channels. We further show that combining LN-blind and LN-violating searches can distinguish a pseudo-Dirac HNL pair from the double-Majorana limit in the intermediate regime where LN violation is observable but not yet saturated.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 3 minor

Summary. The paper claims that symmetry-protected low-scale seesaw models predict pseudo-Dirac HNLs whose LN-violating amplitudes suffer strong suppression from destructive interference between quasi-degenerate states in the standard plane-wave QFT treatment. It demonstrates that damped heavy neutrino-antineutrino oscillations alleviate this suppression. The work then compares collider sensitivities to pseudo-Dirac HNLs in LN-violating versus LN-blind channels at the LHC, FCC-hh and SppC, finding that LN-violating searches are generally more powerful but are degraded by small mass splittings, and that a combination of both channels can distinguish a pseudo-Dirac pair from the double-Majorana limit in the intermediate regime where LN violation is visible but not saturated.

Significance. If the damped-oscillation modification is correctly implemented, the result would improve the theoretical interpretation of HNL searches by relaxing an otherwise severe suppression in the pseudo-Dirac regime and would supply concrete sensitivity benchmarks plus a practical discrimination strategy between HNL types. These elements are directly relevant to ongoing and planned hadron-collider programs. The manuscript does not contain machine-checked proofs or public code, but the central model calculation of the interference alleviation constitutes the primary technical contribution.

minor comments (3)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the statement that damped oscillations 'significantly alleviate' the suppression would be strengthened by a brief indication of the mass-splitting range over which the effect is appreciable.
  2. [Section 3] The comparison of LN-blind and LN-violating channels would benefit from an explicit statement of the production and decay kinematics assumed when implementing the damping factor.
  3. [Section 4] Figure captions for the sensitivity plots should list the background assumptions and luminosity values used, to allow direct comparison with existing experimental limits.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading and positive assessment of our manuscript. The recommendation for minor revision is noted; we will make appropriate clarifications in the revised version.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; derivation self-contained

full rationale

The paper's core demonstration—that damped neutrino-antineutrino oscillations alleviate destructive interference in LN-violating amplitudes for pseudo-Dirac HNLs under the plane-wave QFT treatment—rests on explicit model calculations of production, propagation, and decay kinematics rather than any self-definitional loop, fitted parameter renamed as prediction, or load-bearing self-citation. Collider sensitivity comparisons in LN-blind vs. LN-violating channels are derived directly from these amplitudes without reducing to the input assumptions by construction. No uniqueness theorems, ansatze smuggled via prior work, or renaming of known results appear in the provided text. The derivation is therefore independent and externally falsifiable via standard QFT methods.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

Based solely on the abstract, the central claim rests on standard domain assumptions of symmetry-protected seesaw models and the physical effect of damped oscillations; no free parameters or invented entities are explicitly quantified here.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Symmetry-protected low-scale seesaw models account for neutrino flavour oscillations without fine-tuning while yielding collider-accessible pseudo-Dirac HNL signatures.
    Stated as the starting framework in the abstract.

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discussion (0)

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