pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.25661 · v1 · pith:I65LBLNTnew · submitted 2026-06-24 · 🌌 astro-ph.GA · astro-ph.EP· astro-ph.SR

Optical constants of Ih, Ic, and amorphous H₂O ices in the THz and IR ranges

A.A. Gavdush , F. Ribeiro , M.K. Matveishina , A.Vyjidak , F. Kruczkiewicz , G.A. Komandin , S.V. Garnov , K.I. Zaytsev
show 4 more authors
A.V. Ivlev T. Grassi B.M. Giuliano P. Caselli
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-25 20:29 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.GA astro-ph.EPastro-ph.SR
keywords water iceTHz spectroscopyoptical constantsamorphous solid waterice mantlesdust opacityvibrational modes
0
0 comments X

The pith

THz measurements of water ices reveal a shared weak peak near 1.8 THz formed by infrared band wings, with opacity calculations for ice mantles differing from extrapolations.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper measures optical constants of Ih, Ic, and amorphous solid water ices directly in the THz range via pulsed spectroscopy on vapor-deposited samples. These data are merged with selected high-optical-constant literature values for compact ices to produce continuous THz-IR constants from 0.3 to 120 THz, which are then fitted with a multiple-Lorentz model that includes anharmonicity. The THz response of every phase consists of the low-frequency wings of the infrared bands plus one common broad low-intensity peak at about 1.8 THz. Opacity calculations for dust grains coated with H2O ice mantles using the merged experimental constants differ from results obtained by extrapolating higher-frequency data alone. These constants are intended to improve models of cold interstellar clouds and protoplanetary disks.

Core claim

Direct THz measurements combined with selected compact ice literature data yield broadband optical constants for Ih, Ic, and ASW ices. The THz response arises from low-frequency wings of IR vibrational bands and a single broad low-intensity peak near 1.8 THz that remains similar across all three phases. Opacity computations for H2O ice-coated dust grains based on these experimental constants show clear discrepancies with values derived from extrapolation of higher-frequency data.

What carries the argument

multiple-Lorentz model fitted to merged experimental THz spectra and selected high-constant literature IR data, isolating the common 1.8 THz peak

If this is right

  • THz absorption across all water ice phases can be described uniformly by infrared band wings plus one shared weak peak
  • Dust grain opacity with ice mantles calculated from merged data differs from extrapolated models, especially in low-absorption regions
  • The inferred constants apply directly to radiative transfer in cold clouds and protoplanetary disks

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Phase-independent THz behavior may simplify ice-mantle models rather than requiring separate treatments for each ice form
  • The observed discrepancies imply that current extrapolation methods systematically misestimate absorption in the THz gap for astrophysical grain calculations

Load-bearing premise

Literature samples classified as compact with the highest optical constants can be merged with the new experimental THz data without introducing systematic offsets, particularly in low-absorption regions or at band overlaps.

What would settle it

A new set of THz transmission measurements on compact ice samples that yields either a markedly different continuum level or no peak near 1.8 THz would falsify the merged constants and the claimed phase similarity.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.25661 by A.A. Gavdush, A.V. Ivlev, A.Vyjidak, B.M. Giuliano, F. Kruczkiewicz, F. Ribeiro, G.A. Komandin, K.I. Zaytsev, M.K. Matveishina, P. Caselli, S.V. Garnov, T. Grassi.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Fragment of the phase diagram of water ice in the temperature and pressure ranges relevant for the cold interstellar environments. – There are two compact phases of ASW at temperatures be￾low 120 K (Carmack et al. 2023): the high-density ASW is obtained at temperatures below 40 K, whereas deposi￾tion between 40 and 120 K yields the low-density ASW form (Narten et al. 1976; Jenniskens & Blake 1994). In ad￾d… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Literature data on the broadband (THz–IR) optical properties of H2O ices as compared to the inferred model (Eq. (3) and Appendix A, Tabs. A.1–A.3). (a)–(c): Literature data on the refractive index n and absorption coefficient α (by field, in both the linear and logarithmic scale), respectively, for the Ih ice overlapped with the model. The legend indicates the ice deposition (or warming-up) temperature and… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Experimental (this work) and literature data on the THz optical properties of H2O ices as compared to the inferred model (Eq. (3) and Appendix A, Tabs. A.1–A.3). (a),(b): Measured refractive index (n) and absorption coefficient (α; by field), respectively, for the Ih ice overlapped with the data by Tao et al. (2024) and the model. The legend indicates the ice deposition temperature and the corresponding re… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Calculated and reference opacities of astrophysical dust, plotted as a function of the wavelength. Dashed and dotted grey lines labelled with OH94 refer to bare grains and dust grains with icy mantles employ￾ing the optical properties described in Ossenkopf & Henning (1994), re￾spectively. Opacities for grains with pure H2O icy mantles at different temperatures, computed for optical constants of the presen… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Direct measurements of optical constants in the THz spectral region for astrophysically relevant H$_2$O ice samples are scarce. Extrapolation of optical properties in the THz spectral region from IR data can introduce uncertainties into astrophysical models. We measured the optical properties of water ice samples in the Ih and Ic forms as well as amorphous solid water (ASW) in the THz region in order to derive broad optical constants using literature and experimental data in the THz-IR range. In our experiments, the Ih, Ic, and ASW ices were grown by vapour deposition onto a cold substrate and measured by THz pulsed spectroscopy. Their THz optical properties were retrieved, compared with the THz-IR literature data, and approximated using the multiple-Lorentz model. From the existing literature data on the Ih, Ic, and ASW ices, we selected samples with the highest optical constants and classified them as compact. Their optical properties were merged in the frequency range of $\nu = 0.3$-$120$~THz (the wavelength range of $\lambda = 1$~mm-2.5$~\mu$m). The underlying absorption bands were attributed to vibrational modes and approximated using the multiple-Lorentz model while accounting for anharmonicity. Discrepancies primarily arising in low-absorption regions between the experimental data and broadband models were attributed to factors such as the model's complexity and the baseline-subtraction procedure. The THz response of all ices is formed by the low-frequency wings of the IR bands and the single broad low-intense THz peak around $1.8$~THz, which is very similar for all phases. The opacity calculation for dust grains covered by H$_2$O ice mantles based on experimental data shows discrepancies with data derived by extrapolation. The inferred THz-IR optical constants of water ice are important for future observations and modelling of cold clouds and protoplanetary disks.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents new THz pulsed spectroscopy measurements of the optical constants for vapor-deposited Ih, Ic, and amorphous solid water (ASW) ices. These are merged with selected literature IR data (0.3–120 THz total range) by choosing samples with the highest reported optical constants and labeling them 'compact'; the combined dataset is fitted with a multiple-Lorentz oscillator model that accounts for anharmonicity. The resulting constants are used to compute opacities for ice-mantled dust grains, which are reported to differ from values obtained by simple extrapolation of IR data. The THz response is attributed to the low-frequency wings of IR bands plus a common broad, low-intensity peak near 1.8 THz across all phases.

Significance. If the merged optical constants prove robust, the work supplies direct experimental THz constraints on H₂O ice that are relevant for radiative-transfer modeling of cold clouds and protoplanetary disks. The demonstration that a single broad THz feature is shared by crystalline and amorphous phases, together with the reported opacity discrepancies versus extrapolation, would underscore the need for broadband laboratory data rather than IR-only extrapolations in astrophysical applications.

major comments (2)
  1. [data-merging paragraph / methods] In the paragraph describing the construction of the broadband dataset (abstract and corresponding methods section): literature samples are selected solely because they exhibit the 'highest optical constants' and are then classified as compact; no independent metric (density, porosity, or deposition conditions) is provided to justify that these samples are free of systematic offsets relative to the new vapor-deposited THz measurements. Because the merged curve is used both for the multiple-Lorentz fit and for the dust-grain opacity calculation, any offset at the THz–IR junction or in low-absorption windows directly affects the claimed discrepancies.
  2. [opacity calculation section] In the section reporting the opacity calculations: the discrepancies between experimental-data-based opacities and extrapolated values are presented without a quantitative error budget or sensitivity test to the literature-selection step. It is therefore unclear whether the reported differences exceed the uncertainties that could arise from the merging procedure itself, particularly in the low-absorption regions where baseline subtraction is already invoked as a source of discrepancy.
minor comments (1)
  1. [model description] The abstract and text refer to 'multiple-Lorentz model' without specifying the exact number of oscillators or the functional form used to incorporate anharmonicity; adding this detail would improve reproducibility.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments. We address each major comment below and indicate planned revisions to strengthen the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: In the paragraph describing the construction of the broadband dataset (abstract and corresponding methods section): literature samples are selected solely because they exhibit the 'highest optical constants' and are then classified as compact; no independent metric (density, porosity, or deposition conditions) is provided to justify that these samples are free of systematic offsets relative to the new vapor-deposited THz measurements. Because the merged curve is used both for the multiple-Lorentz fit and for the dust-grain opacity calculation, any offset at the THz–IR junction or in low-absorption windows directly affects the claimed discrepancies.

    Authors: We selected literature samples with the highest optical constants as a proxy for compact ices, since prior work shows that porosity and lower density systematically reduce effective refractive indices and absorption coefficients in water ice films. This is a common practice in the field when direct density data are unavailable. We will revise the methods section to explicitly cite supporting literature on the correlation between optical constants and ice density/porosity, note available deposition conditions from the source papers, and discuss possible systematic offsets relative to our vapor-deposited samples. revision: yes

  2. Referee: In the section reporting the opacity calculations: the discrepancies between experimental-data-based opacities and extrapolated values are presented without a quantitative error budget or sensitivity test to the literature-selection step. It is therefore unclear whether the reported differences exceed the uncertainties that could arise from the merging procedure itself, particularly in the low-absorption regions where baseline subtraction is already invoked as a source of discrepancy.

    Authors: The manuscript already attributes low-absorption discrepancies to baseline subtraction and model limitations. To address the lack of a quantitative error budget, we will add a sensitivity test in the revised manuscript by recomputing merged datasets and opacities under alternative literature-selection criteria (e.g., using median rather than maximum values) and propagating uncertainties from the merging step. This will allow direct comparison of the reported discrepancies against merging-related uncertainties. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; derivation rests on new measurements plus external literature selection

full rationale

The paper reports new vapor-deposition THz measurements for Ih, Ic, and ASW ices, merges them with literature IR data chosen by the criterion of highest optical constants (classified as compact), fits the combined set with a multiple-Lorentz model, and computes dust-grain opacities that differ from extrapolations. This selection and fitting step is a methodological choice, not a self-definition or a fitted parameter renamed as a prediction. No self-citation chain, uniqueness theorem, or ansatz smuggling is present in the provided text. The central discrepancy claim compares the merged experimental curve against independent extrapolations and is therefore not forced by construction. The derivation remains self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on experimental THz measurements, selection of literature data as 'compact', and phenomenological multiple-Lorentz fitting to approximate bands.

free parameters (1)
  • Multiple-Lorentz oscillator parameters
    Frequencies, widths, and strengths fitted to match combined THz-IR absorption bands while accounting for anharmonicity.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Multiple-Lorentz model adequately represents vibrational modes and anharmonicity across THz-IR for water ices.
    Invoked to approximate the underlying absorption bands from merged data.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5958 in / 1247 out tokens · 33899 ms · 2026-06-25T20:29:18.709278+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

93 extracted references

  1. [1]

    M., Huang, J., Pérez, L

    Andrews, S. M., Huang, J., Pérez, L. M., et al. 2018, ApJ, 869, L41

    2018

  2. [2]

    M., Woitke, P., Cazaux, S

    Arabhavi, A. M., Woitke, P., Cazaux, S. M., et al. 2022, A&A, 666, A139

    2022

  3. [3]

    P., Cleeves, L

    Ballering, N. P., Cleeves, L. I., & Anderson, D. E. 2021, ApJ, 920, 115

    2021

  4. [4]

    Barker, A. S. & Hopfield, J. J. 1964, Phys. Rev., 135, 1732

    1964

  5. [5]

    & Unterwald, F

    Berreman, D. & Unterwald, F. 1968, Phys. Rev., 174, 791

    1968

  6. [6]

    E., Labbé, H

    Bertie, J. E., Labbé, H. J., & Whalley, E. 1969, J. Chem. Phys., 50, 4501

    1969

  7. [7]

    Bertie, J. E. & Whalley, E. 1967, J. Chem. Phys., 46, 1271

    1967

  8. [8]

    2012, A&A, 539, A148

    Birnstiel, T., Klahr, H., & Ercolano, B. 2012, A&A, 539, A148

    2012

  9. [9]

    C., Savage, B

    Bohlin, R. C., Savage, B. D., & Drake, J. F. 1978, ApJ, 224, 132

    1978

  10. [10]

    Bohren, C. F. & Huffman, D. R. 1983, ASLSP

    1983

  11. [11]

    2008, ApJ, 678, 985

    Boogert, A., Pontoppidan, K., Knez, C., et al. 2008, ApJ, 678, 985

    2008

  12. [12]

    A., Gerakines, P

    Boogert, A. A., Gerakines, P. A., & Whittet, D. 2015, ARA&A, 53, 541

    2015

  13. [13]

    Boogert, A. C. A., Gerakines, P. A., & Whittet, D. C. B. 2015, ARA&A, 53, 541

    2015

  14. [14]

    2015, MNRAS, 451, 2145

    Bouilloud, M., Fray, N., Bénilan, Y ., et al. 2015, MNRAS, 451, 2145

    2015

  15. [15]

    1935, Ann

    Bruggeman, D. 1935, Ann. Phys., 416, 636

    1935

  16. [16]

    A., Tribbett, P

    Carmack, R. A., Tribbett, P. D., & Loeffler, M. J. 2023, ApJ, 942, 1

    2023

  17. [17]

    E., Zhao, B., et al

    Caselli, P., Pineda, J. E., Zhao, B., et al. 2019, ApJ, 874, 89

    2019

  18. [18]

    M., Tafalla, M., Dore, L., & Myers, P

    Caselli, P., Walmsley, C. M., Tafalla, M., Dore, L., & Myers, P. C. 1999, ApJ, 523, L165

    1999

  19. [19]

    L., Worsnop, D

    Clapp, M. L., Worsnop, D. R., & Miller, R. E. 1995, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 6317

    1995

  20. [20]

    P., Dever, J

    Collings, M. P., Dever, J. W., Fraser, H. J., & McCoustra, M. R. S. 2003, Ap&SS, 285, 633 Article number, page 7 A&A proofs:manuscript no. aa59623-26revised

    2003

  21. [21]

    B., Rajaram, B., Toon, O

    Curtis, D. B., Rajaram, B., Toon, O. B., & Tolbert, M. A. 2005, Appl. Opt., 44, 4102

    2005

  22. [22]

    2002, A&A, 394, 1057

    Dartois, E., d’Hendecourt, L., Thi, W., Pontoppidan, K., & van Dishoeck, E. 2002, A&A, 394, 1057

    2002

  23. [23]

    A., Ysard, N., Demyk, K., & Chabot, M

    Dartois, E., Noble, J. A., Ysard, N., Demyk, K., & Chabot, M. 2022, A&A, 666, A153 Dohnálek, Z., Kimmel, G. A., Ayotte, P., Smith, R. S., & Kay, B. D. 2003, J. Chem. Phys., 118, 364

    2022

  24. [24]

    Draine, B. T. 2006, ApJ, 636, 1114

    2006

  25. [25]

    P., Birnstiel, T., Huang, J., et al

    Dullemond, C. P., Birnstiel, T., Huang, J., et al. 2018, ApJ, 869, L46

    2018

  26. [26]

    1998, A&A, 338, L63

    Dutrey, A., Guilloteau, S., Prato, L., et al. 1998, A&A, 338, L63

    1998

  27. [27]

    Efimov, A. 1996, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 203, 1

    1996

  28. [28]

    M., Yamashita, K., et al

    Eklund, T., Tonauer, C. M., Yamashita, K., et al. 2026, J. Chem. Phys., 164, 014501

    2026

  29. [29]

    Elton, D. C. & Fernández-Serra, M. 2016, Nat. Commun., 7, 10193

    2016

  30. [30]

    2025, A&A, 701, A287

    Gavdush, A., Ivlev, A., Zaytsev, K., et al. 2025, A&A, 701, A287

    2025

  31. [31]

    2022, A&A, 667, A49

    Gavdush, A., Kruczkiewicz, F., Giuliano, B., et al. 2022, A&A, 667, A49

    2022

  32. [32]

    & Hudson, R

    Gerakines, P. & Hudson, R. 2020, ApJ, 901, 52

    2020

  33. [33]

    L., Whittet, D

    Gibb, E. L., Whittet, D. C. B., Boogert, A. C. A., & Tielens, A. G. G. M. 2004, ApJS, 151, 35

    2004

  34. [34]

    2019, A&A, 629, A112

    Giuliano, B., Gavdush, A., Müller, B., et al. 2019, A&A, 629, A112

    2019

  35. [35]

    Caro, G. M. 2014, A&A, 565, A108

    2014

  36. [36]

    Grassi, T., Bovino, S., Haugbølle, T., & Schleicher, D. R. G. 2017, MNRAS, 466, 1259

    2017

  37. [37]

    1981, Chem

    Hagen, W., Tielens, A., & Greenberg, J. 1981, Chem. Phys., 56, 367

    1981

  38. [38]

    2022, ApJ, 925, 179

    He, J., Diamant, S., Wang, S., et al. 2022, ApJ, 925, 179

    2022

  39. [39]

    K., Okuno, M., et al

    Hsieh, C.-S., Campen, R. K., Okuno, M., et al. 2013, PNAS, 110, 18780

    2013

  40. [40]

    2013, Sci

    Huang, Y ., Zhang, X., Ma, Z., et al. 2013, Sci. Rep., 3, 3005

    2013

  41. [41]

    1993, ApJS, 86, 713

    Hudgins, D., Sandford, S., Allamandola, L., & Tielens, A. 1993, ApJS, 86, 713

    1993

  42. [42]

    L., Yarnall, Y

    Hudson, R. L., Yarnall, Y . Y ., & Materese, C. K. 2025, ACS Earth Space Chem., 9, 2455

    2025

  43. [43]

    1967, Phys

    Ipatova, I., Maradudin, A., & Wallis, R. 1967, Phys. Rev., 155, 882

    1967

  44. [44]

    & Blake, D

    Jenniskens, P. & Blake, D. F. 1994, Sci, 265, 753

    1994

  45. [45]

    2018, A&A, 612, A71

    Juvela, M., He, J., Pattle, K., et al. 2018, A&A, 612, A71

    2018

  46. [46]

    A., Dohnálek, Z., Stevenson, K

    Kimmel, G. A., Dohnálek, Z., Stevenson, K. P., Smith, R. S., & Kay, B. D. 2001, J. Chem. Phys., 114, 5295

    2001

  47. [47]

    2019, ApJ, 875, 131

    Kofman, V ., He, J., Loes ten Kate, I., & Linnartz, H. 2019, ApJ, 875, 131

    2019

  48. [48]

    2026, A&A, 707, A344

    Kruczkiewicz, F., Gavdush, A., Ribeiro, F., et al. 2026, A&A, 707, A344

    2026

  49. [49]

    1979, A&A, 79, 256

    Leger, A., Klein, J., de Cheveigne, S., et al. 1979, A&A, 79, 256

    1979

  50. [50]

    & Draine, B

    Li, A. & Draine, B. T. 2001, ApJ, 554, 778

    2001

  51. [51]

    2020, Commun

    Loerting, T., Fuentes-Landete, V ., Tonauer, C., & Gasser, T. 2020, Commun. Chem., 3, 109

    2020

  52. [52]

    Lombardi, M., Bouy, H., Alves, J., & Lada, C. J. 2014, A&A, 566, A45

    2014

  53. [53]

    2007, PNAS, 104, 18387

    Mallamace, F., Branca, C., Broccio, M., et al. 2007, PNAS, 104, 18387

    2007

  54. [54]

    1967, Phys

    Martin, P. 1967, Phys. Rev., 161, 143

    1967

  55. [55]

    J., Dawes, A., Holtom, P

    Mason, N. J., Dawes, A., Holtom, P. D., et al. 2006, Faraday Discuss., 133, 311

    2006

  56. [56]

    2009, ApJ, 701, 1347

    Mastrapa, R., Sandford, S., Roush, T., Cruikshank, D., & Dalle Ore, C. 2009, ApJ, 701, 1347

    2009

  57. [57]

    S., Rumpl, W., & Nordsieck, K

    Mathis, J. S., Rumpl, W., & Nordsieck, K. H. 1977, ApJ, 217, 425

    1977

  58. [58]

    2021, Phys

    Maty, B., Satorre, M., & Escibano, R. 2021, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 23, 9532

    2021

  59. [59]

    2012, ApJ, 758, 17

    Medcraft, C., McNaughton, D., Thompson, C., et al. 2012, ApJ, 758, 17

    2012

  60. [60]

    2013, Phys

    Medcraft, C., McNaughton, D., Thompson, C., et al. 2013, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 15, 3630 Megías, A., Jiménez-Serra, I., Dulieu, F., et al. 2025, A&A, 702, A87

    2013

  61. [61]

    V ., Hailey, P

    Mifsud, D. V ., Hailey, P. A., Herczku, P., et al. 2022, Eur. Phys. J. D, 76, 87

    2022

  62. [62]

    Mishima, O., Klug, D., & Whalley, E. 1983, J. Chem. Phys., 78, 6399

    1983

  63. [63]

    Moberg, D., Straight, S., Knight, C., & Paesani, F. 2017, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 8, 2579

    2017

  64. [64]

    & Hudson, R

    Moore, M. & Hudson, R. L. 1992, ApJ, 401, 353

    1992

  65. [65]

    Moore, M. H. & Hudson, R. 1994, A&A, 103, 45

    1994

  66. [66]

    2021, ApJ, 923, L3

    Nagasawa, T., Sato, R., Hasegawa, T., et al. 2021, ApJ, 923, L3

    2021

  67. [67]

    Narten, A., Venkatesh, C., & Rice, S. 1976, J. Chem. Phys., 64, 1106

    1976

  68. [68]

    2024, Nat

    Noble, J., Fraser, H., Smith, Z., et al. 2024, Nat. Astron., 8, 1169

    2024

  69. [69]

    2025, ApJ, 979, 142 Öberg, K

    Nozari, P., Sadavoy, S., Chapillon, E., et al. 2025, ApJ, 979, 142 Öberg, K. I., Boogert, A. C. A., Pontoppidan, K. M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 740, 109

    2025

  70. [70]

    2018, ApJ, 856, 147

    Ohashi, S., Sanhueza, P., Sakai, N., et al. 2018, ApJ, 856, 147

    2018

  71. [71]

    W., Min, M., Tielens, A

    Ormel, C. W., Min, M., Tielens, A. G. G. M., Dominik, C., & Paszun, D. 2011, A&A, 532, A43

    2011

  72. [72]

    & Henning, T

    Ossenkopf, V . & Henning, T. 1994, A&A, 291, 943

    1994

  73. [73]

    Palumbo, M. 2005, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 6, 211

    2005

  74. [74]

    Perotti, G., Rocha, W. R. M., Jørgensen, J. K., et al. 2020, A&A, 643, A48

    2020

  75. [75]

    W., & Henning, T

    Preibisch, T., Ossenkopf, V ., Yorke, H. W., & Henning, T. 1993, A&A, 279, 577

    1993

  76. [76]

    2024, A&A, 681, A9

    Rocha, W., Gomes Rachid, M., McClure, M., He, J., & Linnartz, H. 2024, A&A, 681, A9

    2024

  77. [77]

    2022, A&A, 668, A63

    Rocha, W., Gomes Rachid, M., Olsthoorn, B., et al. 2022, A&A, 668, A63

    2022

  78. [78]

    Rocha, W. R. M., Perotti, G., Kristensen, L. E., & Jørgensen, J. K. 2021, A&A, 654, A158

    2021

  79. [79]

    J., et al

    Sabatini, G., Bianchi, E., Chandler, C. J., et al. 2025, A&A, 698, L16

    2025

  80. [80]

    Salzmann, C. 2019, J. Chem. Phys., 150, 060901

    2019

Showing first 80 references.