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ChatGPT-4 Outperforms Experts and Crowd Workers in Annotating Political Twitter Messages with Zero-Shot Learning

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arxiv 2304.06588 v1 pith:TWIGRFN7 submitted 2023-04-13 cs.CL cs.AIcs.SI

classification cs.CLcs.AIcs.SI
keywords accuracychatgpt-4messagestwitterbiasclassifierscrowdhigher
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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This paper assesses the accuracy, reliability and bias of the Large Language Model (LLM) ChatGPT-4 on the text analysis task of classifying the political affiliation of a Twitter poster based on the content of a tweet. The LLM is compared to manual annotation by both expert classifiers and crowd workers, generally considered the gold standard for such tasks. We use Twitter messages from United States politicians during the 2020 election, providing a ground truth against which to measure accuracy. The paper finds that ChatGPT-4 has achieves higher accuracy, higher reliability, and equal or lower bias than the human classifiers. The LLM is able to correctly annotate messages that require reasoning on the basis of contextual knowledge, and inferences around the author's intentions - traditionally seen as uniquely human abilities. These findings suggest that LLM will have substantial impact on the use of textual data in the social sciences, by enabling interpretive research at a scale.

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Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 159 citations worldwide. Full citation record

  1. Demographic Prompting at Scale: When More Attributes Hurt LLM--Human Agreement

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    LLM answers to HDL questions are often redundant and verbose; a task-aware multi-agent framework cuts redundancy by 37% and padding by 31% while raising judge-based quality scores.

  3. Co-DETECT: Collaborative Discovery of Edge Cases in Text Classification

    cs.CL 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

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  4. Enterprise Large Language Model Evaluation Benchmark

    cs.AI 2025-06 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    A 14-task enterprise LLM benchmark built mostly from GPT-4o-generated labels and scored by GPT-4o-as-judge shows open-source models closing the reasoning gap, but the dataset is not public and the evaluation is partly...

  5. Using AI to replicate human experimental results: a motion study

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    cs.IR 2025-07 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    LLMs alone annotate search clarifications unreliably; adding confidence-based selective human review cuts effort 24-45% in simulation, but the evaluation is partly built from the ground truth it predicts.

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