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arxiv: 2606.03456 · v1 · pith:UD7GUJR2new · submitted 2026-06-02 · 🌌 astro-ph.EP · astro-ph.IM

A comprehensive Rossiter-Mclaughlin Modelling Framework in TLCM: Application to HD 2685 = TOI-135 system

Szil\'ard Csizmadia , Alexis M. S. Smith , J. V. Harre , G\'abor G. Bal\'azs This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-28 08:26 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.EP astro-ph.IM
keywords Rossiter-McLaughlin effectexoplanet obliquityhot JupiterTOI-135radial velocitytransit photometryspin-orbit alignmentTLCM
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The pith

Updated Rossiter-McLaughlin framework in TLCM measures 55.6-degree sky-projected obliquity for TOI-135.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper introduces an updated modeling framework for the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect within the TLCM code. It validates this model using data from nine known exoplanet systems before applying it to new observations of HD 2685, also known as TOI-135. This application yields a measurement of the sky-projected obliquity at approximately 55.6 degrees with uncertainties of about 11 degrees. A sympathetic reader would care because spin-orbit alignments provide clues about how hot Jupiters form and migrate. The central value remains stable even when using broader priors on the stellar rotation.

Core claim

We present an updated Rossiter-McLaughlin modelling framework in TLCM. After validating on nine systems with TESS photometry and archive RV data, we apply it to new HARPS and TESS data for TOI-135, an evolved hot star with a transiting hot Jupiter. We find λ = 55.6 +10.9/-11.9 degrees for the fiducial V sin I prior, with the value stable under broader priors.

What carries the argument

The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect modeling framework in TLCM, which accounts for the radial velocity anomaly during transit caused by a planet crossing a rotating star.

If this is right

  • The updated model reproduces the RV anomaly without bias in the nine validation systems and can be applied directly to other targets.
  • TOI-135 exhibits an intermediate obliquity indicating a misalignment between the stellar spin axis and the orbital plane.
  • Additional TESS sectors refine the planetary mass, radius, and orbital parameters for the system.
  • The measured obliquity central value holds steady when the V sin I prior is broadened, though uncertainties grow.
  • New HARPS in-transit and out-of-transit RVs combined with TESS photometry enable the RM detection.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The measured misalignment may trace to past dynamical events such as scattering or Kozai-Lidov cycles in the system's formation history.
  • The framework could be tested on additional evolved-star hosts to check whether obliquity statistics differ from main-sequence cases.
  • Refined parameters open the possibility of searching for additional planets or transit timing variations in the TOI-135 system.

Load-bearing premise

The updated RM model inside TLCM reproduces the observed radial-velocity anomaly without significant systematic bias once the nine validation systems are fitted.

What would settle it

New in-transit radial velocity observations of TOI-135 that produce a sky-projected obliquity significantly different from 55.6 degrees with smaller error bars would falsify the central result.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.03456 by Alexis M. S. Smith, G\'abor G. Bal\'azs, J. V. Harre, Szil\'ard Csizmadia.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Zoom to the transit of HD 2685b. The black dots represent the red noise corrected fluxes (observed SAP flux - red noise curve based on wavelet-based noise model) and the red curve is the transit model fit [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Upper panel: Radial velocity data and their model fit of HD 2685b. Black dots represent new HARPS-data from this study while red ones are from CORALIE, brown ones are from CHIRON and orange are from FEROS. The vertical lines denote the 1𝜎 error bars. Brown curve is the model fit. Lower panel: residuals of the fit. on the contour limiting the transited area. 𝐽 = 𝐾 = 𝑁 are the number of integration points in… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Upper panel: Zoom to the radial velocity measurements and their fit around the transit event. Meaning of colours is the same as in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Distribution of quadrature points during a total transit phase (black diamonds) for the N=6 case. See [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Comparison of the spin-orbit angle obtained by TLCM and other studies with their respective error bars. The solid line represent the 1:1 re￾lationship. For the modelling results and for the input literature values from other studies see Appendix. The scattered literature data at 𝜆TLCM = 96◦ is due to HAT-P-11 case. That system looks like to have an additional planet in the system which complicates the RV-a… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: The figure shows the missing correlation between the adopted 𝑁 (15.4, 0.2) km/s prior on 𝑉 sin 𝐼∗ and 𝜆 parameter. The red curves repre￾sent the 1 and the 2 𝜎 limits. transform TLCM’s 𝐴 and 𝐵 to the usual 𝑢𝑎 and 𝑢𝑏 limb darkening coefficients (see the list of the ’deduced parameters’ in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: The absolute 𝜆 values plotted in the function of 𝑇eff from TEPCat (Southworth 2026). During the plotting, we averaged the 𝜆 values for any system where multiple result were available. During the averaging, we ex￾cluded those measurements where a system had an outlier measurement. We also plotted our results for HD 2685b denoted by the red star. observational and theoretical work are needed to fully explain… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We present an updated Rossiter-McLaughlin modelling framework in the exoplanet analysis code \textsc{TLCM}. We describe our model in detail. The model and the code were validated by nine systems where we use TESS photometric measurements and archive radial velocity data (WASP-15, HAT-P-1, HAT-P-3, HAT-P-6, HAT-P-7, HAT-P-11, HAT-P-14, HAT-P-20, HAT-P-32). In addition, new observations were obtained from HD 2685 = TOI-135 which is an evolved, hot ($T_\mathrm{eff}=6801$ K), single star hosting a $\sim 1.15$ Jupiter-mass transiting hot Jupiter in a $\sim 4.1$ days orbit. We obtained new HARPS radial velocity measurements in-transit and out-of-transit. Also, there are new photometric observations from six additional, yet not-analyzed TESS-sectors since the time of the discovery of its transits. This allowed us to refine the planetary, orbital and system parameters and to detect Rossiter-Mclaughlin effect in it. We find an intermediate sky-projected obliquity, $\lambda = \ang{55.6}^{+\ang{10.9}}_{-\ang{11.9}}$, for our fiducial spectroscopic \(V\sin I_\star\) prior. Tests with broader \(V\sin I_\star\) priors show that the central value of \(\lambda\) remains stable, although the uncertainty increases.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents an updated Rossiter-McLaughlin (RM) modeling framework implemented in the TLCM exoplanet analysis code. The framework is validated on nine literature systems (WASP-15, HAT-P-1, HAT-P-3, HAT-P-6, HAT-P-7, HAT-P-11, HAT-P-14, HAT-P-20, HAT-P-32) using TESS photometry and archival radial-velocity data. New HARPS in-transit and out-of-transit RV observations, together with additional TESS photometry, are used to refine the parameters of the evolved hot-Jupiter host HD 2685 = TOI-135 and to measure its sky-projected obliquity, yielding λ = 55.6 +10.9/-11.9° for the fiducial spectroscopic Vsin I_star prior; tests with broader priors show the central value remains stable while the uncertainty increases.

Significance. If the validation step confirms that the updated RM model reproduces literature obliquities without detectable systematic bias, the work supplies a documented, publicly usable RM tool and adds an obliquity measurement for an evolved hot-Jupiter system. The explicit prior-sensitivity tests and the multi-system validation constitute concrete strengths that support the robustness of the quoted λ value.

major comments (2)
  1. [Validation section] Validation section: the central claim that the updated model can be applied directly to TOI-135 rests on the nine-system validation. A table (or figure) comparing the recovered λ (and other RM parameters) to the published literature values for each of the nine systems, together with the rms residuals of the fits, is required to demonstrate the absence of systematic bias at the level claimed.
  2. [TOI-135 analysis] TOI-135 RM fit (fiducial prior): the reported λ uncertainty (+10.9/-11.9°) is derived from the new HARPS data; the manuscript must state the number of in-transit RV points, their typical S/N, and the adopted limb-darkening coefficients to allow assessment of whether the quoted precision is realistic.
minor comments (2)
  1. The abstract notation “ang{55.6}” should be replaced by a consistent degree symbol throughout the text and tables.
  2. The list of validation systems is given only in the abstract; a dedicated table in the main text that also reports the adopted priors and the resulting χ² values would improve traceability.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive review and the recommendation for minor revision. We address the major comments below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Validation section: the central claim that the updated model can be applied directly to TOI-135 rests on the nine-system validation. A table (or figure) comparing the recovered λ (and other RM parameters) to the published literature values for each of the nine systems, together with the rms residuals of the fits, is required to demonstrate the absence of systematic bias at the level claimed.

    Authors: We agree that an explicit comparison table would strengthen the validation section and better demonstrate the absence of systematic bias. In the revised manuscript we will add a table that lists, for each of the nine systems, the recovered λ and other RM parameters together with the corresponding literature values and the rms residuals of the fits. revision: yes

  2. Referee: TOI-135 RM fit (fiducial prior): the reported λ uncertainty (+10.9/-11.9°) is derived from the new HARPS data; the manuscript must state the number of in-transit RV points, their typical S/N, and the adopted limb-darkening coefficients to allow assessment of whether the quoted precision is realistic.

    Authors: We will revise the TOI-135 analysis section to explicitly report the number of in-transit HARPS RV points, their typical signal-to-noise ratios, and the adopted limb-darkening coefficients. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in the reported obliquity measurement

full rationale

The paper updates and validates an RM model on nine independent literature systems using TESS and archive RV data, then applies it to new HARPS observations of TOI-135. The reported λ value is obtained by fitting to the new data, with stability tested under different priors. No self-definitional steps, fitted inputs called predictions, or load-bearing self-citations that reduce the central claim to its inputs are present in the described chain. The measurement is externally falsifiable via the new observations.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

Based solely on the abstract; no equations or detailed model description available. The result depends on the choice of Vsin I_star prior and on the assumption that the TLCM RM implementation is unbiased after validation on the nine systems.

free parameters (1)
  • Vsin I_star prior
    Abstract explicitly shows that the reported λ value and its uncertainty change with the width of this prior.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption The TLCM RM model produces unbiased obliquity measurements once validated on the nine reference systems
    The application to TOI-135 rests on this validation step stated in the abstract.

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Reference graph

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