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The Physics of Gamma-Ray Bursts
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Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs), short and intense pulses of low energy gamma-rays, have fascinated astronomers and astrophysicists since their unexpected discovery in the late sixties. During the last decade, several space missions: BATSE (Burst and Transient Source Experiment) on Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, BeppoSAX and now HETE II (High-Energy Transient Explorer), together with ground optical, infrared and radio observatories have revolutionized our understanding of GRBs showing that they are cosmological, that they are accompanied by long lasting afterglows and that they are associated with core collapse Supernovae. At the same time a theoretical understanding has emerged in the form of the fireball internal-external shocks model. According to this model GRBs are produced when the kinetic energy of an ultra-relativistic flow is dissipated in internal collisions. The afterglow arises when the flow is slowed down by shocks with the surrounding circum-burst matter. This model has numerous successful predictions like the prediction of the afterglow itself, the prediction of jet breaks in the afterglow light curve and of an optical flash that accompanies the GRBs themselves. In this review I focus on theoretical aspects and on physical processes believed to take place in GRBs.
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Cited by 21 Pith papers
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A set of distinctive properties ruling the prompt emission of GRB 230307A and other long {\gamma}-ray bursts from compact object mergers
GRB 230307A and several other long merger-candidate bursts show exponential evolution of pulse intensity, waiting time, duration, and spectral peak energy, contrasting with supernova-associated long bursts.
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One year of broadband radio monitoring of the enigmatic transient GRB 250702B reveals the evolution of the relativistic jet
A year of 0.65-233 GHz monitoring shows GRB 250702B's radio afterglow is a synchrotron forward shock in a stratified medium, with a jet that is either narrow and fast or wide and slow.
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Transport Properties of the MRI in Differentially Rotating Neutron Stars
Saturated MRI turbulence in differentially rotating neutron stars yields ℓ_mix ≈ (0.01–0.1) λ_MRI, largely independent of density, so standard GRLES mixing-length prescriptions overestimate transport by about an order...
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Detectability of Gravitational-wave counterparts of EP-FXTs observed during the O4b LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Observing Run
No gravitational-wave counterpart is statistically associated with any of 47 Einstein Probe fast X-ray transients in the O4b run; 90% exclusion distances of ~178 Mpc (BNS) and ~349 Mpc (NSBH) disfavor nearby compact-b...
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Polarization Architecture of Steady GRMHD Jets from the Horizon to Infinity
Steady GRMHD jets exhibit a universal near-horizon polarization pattern set only by black hole spin, with large-radius polarization angle following a collimation-determined power law and intermediate scales modified b...
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Systematic Error in Approximate Models of the GRB Early Afterglow
High-resolution simulations demonstrate that two-zone models for GRB early afterglows fail to match hydrodynamic evolution in the Newtonian reverse shock regime before Blandford-McKee self-similarity, causing systemat...
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Ultra high-energy cosmic rays from relativistic outflows in accretion induced collapse of white dwarfs
Relativistic outflows in accretion-induced collapse of white dwarfs are modeled as sources of UHECRs, contributing a few 10^43-10^45 erg Mpc^{-3} yr^{-1} assuming iron-like nuclei and sufficient event rates.
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Carpet-3 detection of a photon-like air shower with estimated primary energy above 100 TeV in a spatial and temporal coincidence with GRB 221009A
Carpet-3 reports a photon-like air shower with estimated energy around 300 TeV arriving from the direction of GRB 221009A about 75 minutes after the trigger, with a coincidence probability of about 0.9 percent.
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Self-consistent scenario for jet and stellar explosion in collapsar: General relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulation with dynamo
A collapsar disk can grow its own poloidal magnetic field through a dynamo, launching a gamma-ray-burst jet and exploding the star without a pre-existing strong poloidal field.
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Neutrino oscillations in a neutrino-dominated accretion disk around a Kerr BH
Neutrino self-interactions inside neutrino-cooled accretion disks are argued to push flavors toward equipartition, reducing the neutrino-antineutrino annihilation energy deposition around black holes by a factor up to...
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Exploring the multi-wavelength properties of the high energetic event ZTF20abbiixp/GRB 200524A: from prompt emission to afterglow
A multi-wavelength study of GRB 200524A reports a dense ISM environment with a high kinetic energy and a large magnetic-field energy fraction, inferred from forward plus reverse shock modeling.
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Reappraisal of the Constraints on Heavy Axion-like Particles from Gamma-Ray Bursts
Realistic GRB parameters weaken previous ALP cooling bounds, but ALP-induced secondary fireballs in GRBs could still be probed via isotropic X-ray emission from future telescopes.
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GRB 250706B/C: Insight-HXMT Discovery of a High-Luminosity Burst as a Candidate for Fallback-Regulated Accretion in the Prompt Emission
GRB 250706B/C exhibits temporal features consistent with fallback-regulated accretion operating on a high-luminosity branch in a collapsar.
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Early Multiwavelength Observations of AT 2026fgk: The Luminous Afterglow to Sub-luminous GRB 260310A, Identified Independently of a Gamma-ray Trigger
First blind optical identification of a z=0.153 sub-luminous GRB afterglow with Ic-BL SN, yielding a volumetric rate consistent with on-axis high-luminosity long GRBs.
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Trapped fireshell (halo) of photons and pairs around black-hole horizon: source for ultra-high-energy particles
The paper predicts a Klein-Nishina 'runaway' that accelerates electrons and protons to ultra-high energies inside a gravitationally trapped photon-pair halo, with a time-declining UHE luminosity.
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Earliest simultaneous multi-color optical observations of GRB 230328B: from 41 seconds to the host-galaxy identification
New early multi-wavelength data on GRB 230328B shows afterglow with early bump and late achromatic rebrightening at ~4000 s, modeled via MCMC as forward shock plus late energy injection in a dusty S0 host with AV~0.8 ...
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A 14-year-old Mystery: The Peculiar Case of the Engine-driven SN 2012ap
Late-time radio rebrightening in SN 2012ap is consistent with either progenitor mass-loss variation producing a density enhancement or an off-axis energetic jet viewed at large angle, potentially reclassifying it as G...
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The long-short GRB connection
Short gamma-ray bursts may be the merged descendants of long gamma-ray bursts formed in binary-driven hypernovae, with rates, redshifts, and host-galaxy offsets all consistent with this evolutionary link.
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Short-duration gamma-ray bursts from Kerr-Newman black hole mergers
A Kerr-Newman black hole produced by a binary black hole merger, with a magnetized disk, can power a short gamma-ray burst via the Blandford-Znajek mechanism, and the model is applied to GW150914.
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Early Optical Follow-up of Gamma-Ray Bursts: The Critical Role of Robotic Telescopes
A review of early optical GRB features including prompt emission, reverse shocks, and afterglow onset, highlighting robotic telescopes' role in constraining jet Lorentz factors and magnetization.
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GRB 250424A: A Case Study of Energy Injection with Multiwavelength Observations
GRB 250424A afterglow shows simultaneous shallow decay in X-ray and optical bands modeled as continuous energy injection (q≈0.34) into a forward shock in constant-density medium, with E_K,iso ≈5.5×10^52 erg and no cle...
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