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The geometry of photon surfaces
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The photon sphere concept in Schwarzschild space-time is generalized to a definition of a photon surface in an arbitrary space-time. A photon sphere is then defined as an SO(3)xR-invariant photon surface in a static spherically symmetric space-time. It is proved, subject to an energy condition, that a black hole in any such space-time must be surrounded by a photon sphere. Conversely, subject to an energy condition, any photon sphere must surround a black hole, a naked singularity or more than a certain amount of matter. A second order evolution equation is obtained for the area of an SO(3)-invariant photon surface in a general non-static spherically symmetric space-time. Many examples are provided.
Forward citations
Cited by 22 Pith papers
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In dRGT massive gravity, static spherically symmetric black holes exhibit zero, one, or two photon spheres whose topological charges and stability patterns differ from Einstein gravity and from horizonless compact objects.
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Revisit Static Aether: Exact Vacuum Solution in Einstein-Aether Theory and Its Analytic Extension
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Photon surfaces extension in general spherical dust collapse
In general LTB dust collapse the photon surface is a null hypersurface generated by outgoing radial null geodesics that reaches the central singularity if and only if the singularity is naked.
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Black Hole Solutions in Dark Photon Models with Higher Order Corrections
Analytic perturbative black hole solutions in dark photon models with minimal and higher-order magnetic dipole corrections to the Schwarzschild geometry.
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Gravitational wave echoes as probes of the maximum mass of strange stars in quadratic curvature-matter coupled gravity
In f(R+αR²,T) gravity with tuned parameters, MIT-bag strange stars can exceed the compactness needed for photon spheres and would produce kHz gravitational-wave echoes.
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Shadow of the generalized Vaidya black hole
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A perturbative geometric approach for photon spheres, massive particle surfaces and black hole shadows with mass variations
Presents a curvature-based perturbative method for photon spheres, massive particle surfaces, and black hole shadows that handles mass variations and claims new results for the time-like case.
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Photon Surfaces in Higher-Curvature Gravity: Implications for Quasinormal Modes and Gravitational Lensing
Higher-curvature EFT terms modify the photon sphere radius, critical impact parameter, and strong deflection coefficients, providing sensitive probes for constraints on quantum gravity effects via lensing and QNM spectra.
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Photon Propagation and Black Hole Imaging in Kruglov Nonlinear Electrodynamics
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Supertranslations in the bulk of spacetime
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Quantum-Corrected Thermodynamics, Dirac Perturbations, Geodesic Structure, and Topological Phases of Black Holes with Non-Minimal Logarithmic Coupling
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Analytical Study of Deflection Angle and Time Delay in Kerr Spacetime with Modified Propagation
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Polarization-Dependent Photon Propagation, Quasinormal Modes, and Gravitational Lensing in Higher-Curvature Effective Theories
Higher-curvature corrections induce polarization-dependent effective metrics for photons that shift photon spheres, alter eikonal quasinormal modes, and modify deflection angles in static spherically symmetric backgrounds.
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Probing Effective Field Theory Corrections with Quasinormal Modes and Gravitational Lensing in Reissner-Nordstr\"om Black Holes
Derives EFT corrections to deflection angle, photon sphere radius, critical impact parameter, and strong lensing coefficients for Reissner-Nordström black holes in weak and strong deflection regimes.
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Regular black hole solutions and the quark chemical potential at the QCD phase transition
Within two QCD-inspired equations of state coupled to Eddington-Finkelstein collapse, finite chemical potential reshapes thermodynamics but does not produce self-regularizing black hole cores.
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Photon Sphere and Shadow of a Perturbative Black Hole in $f(R,\mathcal{G})$ Gravity
Perturbative higher-curvature corrections in f(R,G) gravity shift the photon-sphere radius and black-hole shadow size away from Schwarzschild values, with the Gauss-Bonnet sector contributing more than mixed terms.
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Optical and orbital characterization of spherically symmetric static black holes of self-gravitating new nonlinear electrodynamics model
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Semi-Analytic Trajectory Analysis of Light in Generic Static Spacetimes
The authors present a generic weak-field lensing framework built from three known semi-analytic methods and apply it to a scalar hairy Reissner-Nordstrom black hole, recovering the standard deflection with q^2 = Q^2+Q_s^2.
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Gravitational Lensing by Black Holes in Einstein-nonlinear Electrodynamic Theories with Multiple Photon Spheres
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Deflection of Light due to Kerr Sen Black Hole in Heterotic String Theory using Material Medium Approach
Derives the far-field light deflection angle for the Kerr-Sen black hole by constructing a refractive index that includes frame-dragging and compares the result to Kerr and Schwarzschild cases in general relativity.
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Massive particle surfaces and black hole shadows from intrinsic curvature
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