The first informative astrophysical calibration of gravitational-wave detectors is reported using GW240925 and GW250207.
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GWTC-4.0: An Introduction to Version 4.0 of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog
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abstract
The Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC) is a collection of short-duration (transient) gravitational wave signals identified by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration in gravitational-wave data produced by the eponymous detectors. The catalog provides information about the identified candidates, such as the arrival time and amplitude of the signal and properties of the signal's source as inferred from the observational data. GWTC is the data release of this dataset and version 4.0 extends the catalog to include observations made during the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run up until 2024 January 31. This paper marks an introduction to a collection of articles related to this version of the catalog, GWTC-4.0. The collection of articles accompanying the catalog provides documentation of the methods used to analyze the data, summaries of the catalog of events, observational measurements drawn from the population, and detailed discussions of selected candidates
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representative citing papers
Bayesian analysis of GW230627 and GW250114 finds no deviation from GR at 4PN and 4.5PN orders, setting the first empirical baseline with 90% intervals of order O(1)-O(10).
Dingo-Pop uses a transformer to perform amortized, end-to-end population inference from GW strain data in seconds, bypassing per-event Monte Carlo sampling.
A general relativistic derivation of gravitational wave response in an optically levitated cavity sensor reveals position-dependent strain sensitivity and suppressed input-mirror noise coupling.
Presents a practical fully time-domain end-to-end likelihood for gravitational-wave inference with structured linear algebra and GPU acceleration.
Ratio-Filter Dechirping converts gravitational-wave matched filtering from a memory-bound FFT into a cache-efficient FIR convolution, delivering a measured 8x speedup in the core loop.
Joint strong-lensing and population inference on resolved gravitational-wave events finds no lensed events and tightens constraints on the black-hole merger rate peak redshift and high-redshift tail.
Presents a grid of 113 fast-rotating, chemically-homogeneous massive star models at Z=0.001 reaching core collapse with high angular momentum for use as supernova and GRB progenitors.
Numerical simulations of collapsing scalarized neutron stars show scalar radiation energy of order 10^{-3} solar masses, orders of magnitude above the tensor quadrupolar emission, potentially observable to test modified gravity.
A vertical long-wire suspended gradiometer configuration amplifies gravitational wave signals from order h to order h L/D by separating gravitational force from moment of inertia.
Maximum-likelihood-based posterior predictive checks detect model misspecification better than event-level versions for uncertain spin tilts, but current detector sensitivity limits their power; the Gaussian Component Spins model underpredicts high spin magnitudes and overpredicts anti-aligned tilts
Simulations show a 40-50 solar-mass black-hole cutoff is not guaranteed to be confidently recovered from GWTC-4-like catalogs, spurious detections are unlikely, and O4 data would reduce cutoff-mass uncertainty by at least 20 percent while yielding only a lower bound on the carbon-alpha reaction rate
GW250114 data confirm the remnant is consistent with a Kerr black hole and bound the dominant quadrupolar mode frequency to within a few percent of the GR prediction, with constraints tighter than prior multi-event catalogs.
Derives boost transformations for GW polarizations, proposes symmetry classification without preferred frames, and analyzes preferred-frame effects in Bumblebee gravity including novel polarization conversion.
Spectral-siren H0 constraints from GWTC-4.0 binary black holes remain robust when the mass spectrum is permitted to evolve with redshift at current detector sensitivity.
LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA O4a data yields the strongest constraints on primordial black hole abundance for 0.6-100 solar masses, with resolvable mergers dominating the limits and no compelling evidence for a PBH contribution in joint fits with astrophysical black holes.
Simulations of dynamical channels predict ~36 eccentric stellar-mass BBHs detectable by LISA in the Milky Way at SNR>1 over 10 years, a local merger rate of ~9 Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1}, and hundreds of faint extragalactic mHz sources.
Machine learning extracts core rotation and signal properties from CCSN gravitational waves, with next-generation detectors constraining rotation beyond 100 kpc for favorable orientations despite some uncertainties.
Thermal aberrations induce low-pass frequency dynamics for quadratic wavefront mismatches and high-pass dynamics for higher-order aberrations, degrading squeezed states differently in current versus future gravitational wave detectors.
Lorentzian-Euclidean black holes produce excess inner-shadow intensity and accumulate energy at the horizon with backreaction unlike stable light rings.
DCL-xLSTM neural network detects lensed GW events with AUC over 0.99 using training on PM and SIS lens models in the millihertz band.
Neural post-Einsteinian analysis of GWTC-3 finds no GR violation and sets constraints covering both post-Newtonian and beyond-post-Newtonian deviations in a single theory-agnostic setup.
PyCBC Live for O4 adds time-dependent background modeling, early warning search, and improved autogating, delivering sensitivity gains of 1.7-2.3x for coincident searches in mock data challenges.
Using HBI on GWTC-4 data the authors compute lensed SGWBs for ABHs and PBHs and conclude that LIGO and ET can distinguish the two formation channels in specific frequency ranges, with ET offering broader coverage.
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