All 18 audited MLLMs exhibit order sensitivity with per-facet flip rates of 24-50%, exceeding same-order decoder noise.
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tinyBenchmarks: evaluating LLMs with fewer examples
30 Pith papers cite this work, alongside 2 external citations. Polarity classification is still indexing.
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abstract
The versatility of large language models (LLMs) led to the creation of diverse benchmarks that thoroughly test a variety of language models' abilities. These benchmarks consist of tens of thousands of examples making evaluation of LLMs very expensive. In this paper, we investigate strategies to reduce the number of evaluations needed to assess the performance of an LLM on several key benchmarks. For example, we show that to accurately estimate the performance of an LLM on MMLU, a popular multiple-choice QA benchmark consisting of 14K examples, it is sufficient to evaluate this LLM on 100 curated examples. We release evaluation tools and tiny versions of popular benchmarks: Open LLM Leaderboard, MMLU, HELM, and AlpacaEval 2.0. Our empirical analysis demonstrates that these tools and tiny benchmarks are sufficient to reliably and efficiently reproduce the original evaluation results.
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Introduces the first community-governed unified JSON schema and crowdsourced repository for AI evaluation results, with converters and a database spanning 22,235 models and 2,273 benchmarks.
Claw-SWE-Bench is a 350-instance multilingual benchmark for OpenClaw-style agent harnesses that shows adapter design raises Pass@1 from 19.1% to 73.4% on the same model while releasing data for reproducible comparison.
IRSL applies IRT to reduce scaling law estimation from O(M×N) to O(M+N) parameters, enabling reliable estimates with only 50 questions per benchmark after calibration and generalizable ability scores across related benchmarks.
Curated 50-example subsets of LAM benchmarks, via regression, predict human preferences at 0.98 correlation, outperforming the full benchmark and yielding the open-sourced HUMANS proxy.
Popular LLM activation steering methods are shown to act as proportional controllers; a PID steering framework is proposed that improves robustness and outperforms baselines in experiments across model families.
Refusal in language models is mediated by a single direction in residual stream activations that can be erased to disable safety or added to elicit refusal.
PPAT residualizes losses via a prediction-powered control variate inside LURE, yielding lower-variance unbiased risk estimates, tailored acquisition, and asymptotic CIs that cover with fewer labels.
EduArt is a new benchmark of 871 educational questions that reveals multimodal LLMs perform near ceiling on multiple-choice art history items but drop sharply on open completion and error identification tasks.
OmniPilot combines conformal quantile regression with OOD detection to rank LLM serving configurations on mixed GPUs, reporting 6.2% MAPE throughput prediction and 95% top-1 accuracy on 460 benchmark runs while abstaining on unsupported cases.
AGC-Bench introduces a multi-domain creativity benchmark for LLMs, recovers a general 'c' factor explaining 81.5% of variance, and finds humans still outperform top models on matched tasks.
MMGist filters 23,250 items from 18 benchmarks down to 7,262 using three-stage pipeline, preserving model rankings (Spearman ρ=0.98) while cutting items 69% and raising discrimination 78%.
Maps common low-compute research strategies for foundation models onto statistical, internal, external, and construct validity threats via a causal-inference lens.
A graph-based MIS prompt selection method on embedding similarity graphs yields reduced benchmark subsets with highly consistent LLM rankings (Kendall's W ≥ 0.90 in 99.2% of cases) and 25-48% size reduction at higher thresholds.
ProjQ constrains post-training quantization noise to a low-rank manifold through orthogonal subspace projection, enabling better compensation by LoRA adapters and preserving greater model plasticity than standard PTQ.
Models benchmarking as principal-agent game, derives welfare loss from welfare alignment, improvability and variance, and applies an audit framework to OLMES items.
Dynamic Boundary Evaluation locates each LLM's performance boundary at ~50% pass probability via a calibrated item bank and Skill-Guided Boundary Search algorithm to enable unified, adaptive evaluations across safety, capability, and truthfulness.
Activation steering is cast as constrained optimization that minimizes collateral damage by weighting perturbations according to the empirical second-moment matrix of activations instead of assuming isotropy.
Bayesian deep learning method rankings are unreliable under data scarcity, reversing across datasets and sample sizes, and a hierarchical Bayesian framework with predictive detectability curves is needed to assess evaluation sufficiency.
POES frames prompt evaluation as online adaptive testing and uses a provably submodular objective to pick informative examples, delivering 6.2% higher average accuracy and 35-60% token savings versus naive full-set scoring.
Factorized Active Querying (FAQ) provides up to 5 times more effective samples for LLM accuracy estimation by using Bayesian factor models and adaptive querying under a fixed budget with guaranteed coverage.
A single attacker can use strategic upvoting and downvoting on language model outputs to inject facts, security flaws, or fake news that persist in the model for all users after preference tuning.
LMMS-EVAL delivers a standardized multimodal evaluation framework with lite and live variants that target the trade-offs among coverage, cost, and zero contamination.
Behavioral geometry of model populations enables high-accuracy jailbreak susceptibility prediction and defense transfer with 98% fewer evaluations.
citing papers explorer
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Same Evidence, Different Answer: Auditing Order Sensitivity in Multimodal Large Language Models
All 18 audited MLLMs exhibit order sensitivity with per-facet flip rates of 24-50%, exceeding same-order decoder noise.
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Every Eval Ever: A Unifying Schema and Community Repository for AI Evaluation Results
Introduces the first community-governed unified JSON schema and crowdsourced repository for AI evaluation results, with converters and a database spanning 22,235 models and 2,273 benchmarks.
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Claw-SWE-Bench: A Benchmark for Evaluating OpenClaw-style Agent Harnesses on Coding Tasks
Claw-SWE-Bench is a 350-instance multilingual benchmark for OpenClaw-style agent harnesses that shows adapter design raises Pass@1 from 19.1% to 73.4% on the same model while releasing data for reproducible comparison.
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Item Response Scaling Laws: A Measurement Theory Approach for Efficient and Generalizable Neural Scaling Estimation
IRSL applies IRT to reduce scaling law estimation from O(M×N) to O(M+N) parameters, enabling reliable estimates with only 50 questions per benchmark after calibration and generalizable ability scores across related benchmarks.
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Putting HUMANS first: Efficient LAM Evaluation with Human Preference Alignment
Curated 50-example subsets of LAM benchmarks, via regression, predict human preferences at 0.98 correlation, outperforming the full benchmark and yielding the open-sourced HUMANS proxy.
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Activation Steering with a Feedback Controller
Popular LLM activation steering methods are shown to act as proportional controllers; a PID steering framework is proposed that improves robustness and outperforms baselines in experiments across model families.
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Refusal in Language Models Is Mediated by a Single Direction
Refusal in language models is mediated by a single direction in residual stream activations that can be erased to disable safety or added to elicit refusal.
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Prediction-Powered Active Testing
PPAT residualizes losses via a prediction-powered control variate inside LURE, yielding lower-variance unbiased risk estimates, tailored acquisition, and asymptotic CIs that cover with fewer labels.
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EduArt: An educational-level benchmark for evaluating art history knowledge in large language models
EduArt is a new benchmark of 871 educational questions that reveals multimodal LLMs perform near ceiling on multiple-choice art history items but drop sharply on open completion and error identification tasks.
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OmniPilot: An Uncertainty-Aware LLM Inference Advisor for Heterogeneous GPU Clusters
OmniPilot combines conformal quantile regression with OOD detection to rank LLM serving configurations on mixed GPUs, reporting 6.2% MAPE throughput prediction and 95% top-1 accuracy on 460 benchmark runs while abstaining on unsupported cases.
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AGC-Bench: Measuring Artificial General Creativity
AGC-Bench introduces a multi-domain creativity benchmark for LLMs, recovers a general 'c' factor explaining 81.5% of variance, and finds humans still outperform top models on matched tasks.
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MMGist: A Comprehensive Multimodal Benchmark for 2027
MMGist filters 23,250 items from 18 benchmarks down to 7,262 using three-stage pipeline, preserving model rankings (Spearman ρ=0.98) while cutting items 69% and raising discrimination 78%.
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Validity Threats for Foundation Model Research
Maps common low-compute research strategies for foundation models onto statistical, internal, external, and construct validity threats via a causal-inference lens.
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Consistent and Distinctive: LLM Benchmark Efficiency via Maximum Independent Set Prompt Selection on Similarity Graphs
A graph-based MIS prompt selection method on embedding similarity graphs yields reduced benchmark subsets with highly consistent LLM rankings (Kendall's W ≥ 0.90 in 99.2% of cases) and 25-48% size reduction at higher thresholds.
-
ProjQ: Project-and-Quantize for Adapter-Aware LLM Compression
ProjQ constrains post-training quantization noise to a low-rank manifold through orthogonal subspace projection, enabling better compensation by LoRA adapters and preserving greater model plasticity than standard PTQ.
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Welfare, Improvability, and Variance: A Principal-Agent Approach to Optimal Benchmark Item Aggregation
Models benchmarking as principal-agent game, derives welfare loss from welfare alignment, improvability and variance, and applies an audit framework to OLMES items.
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Beyond Fixed Benchmarks and Worst-Case Attacks: Dynamic Boundary Evaluation for Language Models
Dynamic Boundary Evaluation locates each LLM's performance boundary at ~50% pass probability via a calibrated item bank and Skill-Guided Boundary Search algorithm to enable unified, adaptive evaluations across safety, capability, and truthfulness.
-
Minimizing Collateral Damage in Activation Steering
Activation steering is cast as constrained optimization that minimizes collateral damage by weighting perturbations according to the empirical second-moment matrix of activations instead of assuming isotropy.
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ProEval: Proactive Failure Discovery and Efficient Performance Estimation for Generative AI Evaluation
Bayesian deep learning method rankings are unreliable under data scarcity, reversing across datasets and sample sizes, and a hierarchical Bayesian framework with predictive detectability curves is needed to assess evaluation sufficiency.
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Select Smarter, Not More: Prompt-Aware Evaluation Scheduling with Submodular Guarantees
POES frames prompt evaluation as online adaptive testing and uses a provably submodular objective to pick informative examples, delivering 6.2% higher average accuracy and 35-60% token savings versus naive full-set scoring.
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Efficient Evaluation of LLM Performance with Statistical Guarantees
Factorized Active Querying (FAQ) provides up to 5 times more effective samples for LLM accuracy estimation by using Bayesian factor models and adaptive querying under a fixed budget with guaranteed coverage.
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LLM Hypnosis: Exploiting User Feedback for Unauthorized Knowledge Injection to All Users
A single attacker can use strategic upvoting and downvoting on language model outputs to inject facts, security flaws, or fake news that persist in the model for all users after preference tuning.
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LMMs-Eval: Reality Check on the Evaluation of Large Multimodal Models
LMMS-EVAL delivers a standardized multimodal evaluation framework with lite and live variants that target the trade-offs among coverage, cost, and zero contamination.
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Jailbreak susceptibility prediction and mitigation via the behavioral geometry of models
Behavioral geometry of model populations enables high-accuracy jailbreak susceptibility prediction and defense transfer with 98% fewer evaluations.
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Measuring Competency, Not Performance: Item-Aware Evaluation Across Medical Benchmarks
MedIRT applies Item Response Theory to medical LLM benchmarks to separate latent competency from item difficulty and discrimination, producing more stable rankings and revealing domain heterogeneity than accuracy alone.
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Small Language Models are the Future of Agentic AI
Small language models are sufficiently capable, more suitable, and far more economical than large models for the repetitive tasks that dominate agentic AI systems.
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ClawEnvKit: Automatic Environment Generation for Claw-Like Agents
EVT improves the RMT backbone by using Euclidean-distance attention decay and 1D token grouping, achieving 86.6% top-1 on ImageNet-1K at 384×384 resolution.
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LLM-Safety Evaluations Lack Robustness
LLM safety evaluations are hindered by noise in dataset curation, automated red-teaming, response generation, and LLM-judge evaluation, making fair comparisons difficult and slowing progress.
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Beyond the Singular: Revealing the Value of Multiple Generations in Benchmark Evaluation
A hierarchical statistical model demonstrates that multiple LLM generations per prompt improve benchmark score accuracy, reduce variance, and enable prompt-level difficulty scoring via correct ratios.
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