On power-law covariance least squares problems, SignSVD (Muon) and SignSGD (Adam proxy) show three phases of relative performance depending on data exponent α and target exponent β.
Insights on muon from simple quadratics.arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.11948, 2026
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Muon achieves higher storage capacity than SGD and matches Newton's method in one-step recovery rates for associative memory under power-law distributions, while saturating at larger critical batch sizes and showing faster initial multi-step dynamics.
Establishes matching Ω and O(min{m,n} ε^-(3p-2)/(p-1)) bounds for scale-invariant spectral-norm methods under heavy-tailed noise, plus an improved O(min{m,n} ε^-(5p-3)/(2p-2)) rate via transported Scion under Hessian Lipschitz continuity.
Proposes equivariant optimizer updates matched to layer symmetries for embeddings, SwiGLU MLPs, and MoE routers, with reported gains in validation loss and training stability on several language model architectures.
Zeta applies coordinate whitening followed by spectral whitening in a fixed order to reduce orthogonalization error in matrix optimization for neural networks.
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Sharp Capacity Scaling of Spectral Optimizers in Learning Associative Memory
Muon achieves higher storage capacity than SGD and matches Newton's method in one-step recovery rates for associative memory under power-law distributions, while saturating at larger critical batch sizes and showing faster initial multi-step dynamics.
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Zeta: Dual Whitening for Matrix Optimization via Coordinate-Adaptive Preconditioning
Zeta applies coordinate whitening followed by spectral whitening in a fixed order to reduce orthogonalization error in matrix optimization for neural networks.