The first SoK on LLM-based AutoPT frameworks provides a six-dimension taxonomy of agent designs and a unified empirical benchmark evaluating 15 frameworks via over 10 billion tokens and 1,500 manually reviewed logs.
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Gui agents with foundation models: A comprehensive survey
Canonical reference. 86% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
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GUI grounding in VLMs is bottlenecked by prefill-stage candidate selection that decoding cannot fix, so Re-Prefill uses attention to extract and re-inject target tokens for up to 4.3% gains on ScreenSpot-Pro.
Faithful-Agent raises Trap SR in GUI agents from 13.88% to 80.21% via faithfulness-oriented SFT and GuAE-enhanced RFT with consistency rewards while retaining general performance.
OS-SPEAR is a new evaluation toolkit that tests 22 OS agents and identifies trade-offs between efficiency and safety or robustness.
PEEU enables a 7B MLLM to reach 30.6% accuracy on GUI task planning by autonomous exploration and hindsight experience synthesis, outperforming a 32B model through stronger high-level OOD generalization.
CoT training in LLM agents improves prompt-action quality more than the advantage of generated reasoning, and selectively masking action supervision improves out-of-domain generalization.
The paper diagnoses task insensitivity in LLM agents as a cause of weak OOD generalization, links it to attention drift, and proposes Task-Perturbed NLL Optimization as a contrastive regularizer to improve task dependence.
Grounding-certainty-guided Adaptive Advantage and Dynamic Clipping improve continual GUI grounding over RFT baselines on ScreenSpot-V1/V2/Pro.
SCALE introduces three adversarial roles (Selector, Predictor, Judger) and a graph exploration method (SCALE-Hop) to enable MLLM-based web agents to self-discover limitations and improve, backed by the SCALE-20k dataset from 19 websites.
Introduces DocOS benchmark to test GUI agents on proactively locating, comprehending, and executing instructions from online documentation in interactive web settings.
TIPO applies preference-intensity weighting and padding gating to stabilize preference optimization for privacy personalization in mobile GUI agents, yielding higher alignment and distinction metrics than prior methods.
MGA is a memory-driven GUI agent that uses an observer for bias-free screen reading and structured memory for compact state transitions to enable efficient long-horizon automation.
LPO optimizes GUI agent positional accuracy by combining information entropy for zone selection with a physical-distance reward inside a Group Relative Preference Optimization framework, claiming SOTA results on benchmarks and online tests.
StainFlow proposes global entity stain tracking and local stain evidence linking modules to improve process rewards for GUI agents, reporting 3.2% relative gain in online RL success and 1.8% in judgment accuracy on AndroidWorld and OGRBench.
Mobile-Aptus uses supervised fine-tuning followed by semantic similarity retrieval and direct preference optimization to calibrate confidence scores in mobile agents, yielding over 17% average task success improvement on four benchmarks.
UI-Oceanus shows that continual pre-training on forward dynamics predictions from synthetic GUI exploration improves agent success rates by 7% offline and 16.8% online, with gains scaling by data volume.
UI-TARS-2 reaches 88.2 on Online-Mind2Web, 47.5 on OSWorld, 50.6 on WindowsAgentArena, and 73.3 on AndroidWorld while attaining 59.8 mean normalized score on a 15-game suite through multi-turn RL and scalable data generation.
A survey of 87 agents for computer use and 33 datasets that introduces a three-dimensional taxonomy across domain, interaction, and agent perspectives and identifies six research gaps.
The paper develops a unified framework that organizes computer-use agent reliability around perception-decision-execution layers and creation-deployment-operation-maintenance stages to map security and alignment interventions.
A survey consolidating frameworks, data practices, large action models, benchmarks, applications, and research gaps in LLM-brained GUI agents.
citing papers explorer
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Hackers or Hallucinators? A Comprehensive Analysis of LLM-Based Automated Penetration Testing
The first SoK on LLM-based AutoPT frameworks provides a six-dimension taxonomy of agent designs and a unified empirical benchmark evaluating 15 frameworks via over 10 billion tokens and 1,500 manually reviewed logs.
-
What Happens Before Decoding? Prefill Determines GUI Grounding in VLMs
GUI grounding in VLMs is bottlenecked by prefill-stage candidate selection that decoding cannot fix, so Re-Prefill uses attention to extract and re-inject target tokens for up to 4.3% gains on ScreenSpot-Pro.
-
Faithful Mobile GUI Agents with Guided Advantage Estimator
Faithful-Agent raises Trap SR in GUI agents from 13.88% to 80.21% via faithfulness-oriented SFT and GuAE-enhanced RFT with consistency rewards while retaining general performance.
-
OS-SPEAR: A Toolkit for the Safety, Performance,Efficiency, and Robustness Analysis of OS Agents
OS-SPEAR is a new evaluation toolkit that tests 22 OS agents and identifies trade-offs between efficiency and safety or robustness.
-
Empowering GUI Agents via Autonomous Experience Exploration and Hindsight Experience Utilization for Task Planning
PEEU enables a 7B MLLM to reach 30.6% accuracy on GUI task planning by autonomous exploration and hindsight experience synthesis, outperforming a 32B model through stronger high-level OOD generalization.
-
Where Do CoT Training Gains Land in LLM based Agents?
CoT training in LLM agents improves prompt-action quality more than the advantage of generated reasoning, and selectively masking action supervision improves out-of-domain generalization.
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Diagnosing Task Insensitivity in Language Agents
The paper diagnoses task insensitivity in LLM agents as a cause of weak OOD generalization, links it to attention drift, and proposes Task-Perturbed NLL Optimization as a contrastive regularizer to improve task dependence.
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GUI-AC: Enhancing Continual Learning in GUI Agents
Grounding-certainty-guided Adaptive Advantage and Dynamic Clipping improve continual GUI grounding over RFT baselines on ScreenSpot-V1/V2/Pro.
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Learning to Adapt: Self-Improving Web Agent via Cognitive-Aware Exploration
SCALE introduces three adversarial roles (Selector, Predictor, Judger) and a graph exploration method (SCALE-Hop) to enable MLLM-based web agents to self-discover limitations and improve, backed by the SCALE-20k dataset from 19 websites.
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DocOS: Towards Proactive Document-Guided Actions in GUI Agents
Introduces DocOS benchmark to test GUI agents on proactively locating, comprehending, and executing instructions from online documentation in interactive web settings.
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Mobile GUI Agent Privacy Personalization with Trajectory Induced Preference Optimization
TIPO applies preference-intensity weighting and padding gating to stabilize preference optimization for privacy personalization in mobile GUI agents, yielding higher alignment and distinction metrics than prior methods.
-
MGA: Memory-Driven GUI Agent for Observation-Centric Interaction
MGA is a memory-driven GUI agent that uses an observer for bias-free screen reading and structured memory for compact state transitions to enable efficient long-horizon automation.
-
LPO: Towards Accurate GUI Agent Interaction via Location Preference Optimization
LPO optimizes GUI agent positional accuracy by combining information entropy for zone selection with a physical-distance reward inside a Group Relative Preference Optimization framework, claiming SOTA results on benchmarks and online tests.
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StainFlow: Entity-Stain Tracking and Evidence Linking for Process Rewards in GUI Agents
StainFlow proposes global entity stain tracking and local stain evidence linking modules to improve process rewards for GUI agents, reporting 3.2% relative gain in online RL success and 1.8% in judgment accuracy on AndroidWorld and OGRBench.
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Mobile-Aptus: Confidence-Driven Proactive and Robust Interaction in MLLM-based Mobile-Using Agents
Mobile-Aptus uses supervised fine-tuning followed by semantic similarity retrieval and direct preference optimization to calibrate confidence scores in mobile agents, yielding over 17% average task success improvement on four benchmarks.
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UI-Oceanus: Scaling GUI Agents with Synthetic Environmental Dynamics
UI-Oceanus shows that continual pre-training on forward dynamics predictions from synthetic GUI exploration improves agent success rates by 7% offline and 16.8% online, with gains scaling by data volume.
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UI-TARS-2 Technical Report: Advancing GUI Agent with Multi-Turn Reinforcement Learning
UI-TARS-2 reaches 88.2 on Online-Mind2Web, 47.5 on OSWorld, 50.6 on WindowsAgentArena, and 73.3 on AndroidWorld while attaining 59.8 mean normalized score on a 15-game suite through multi-turn RL and scalable data generation.
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A Comprehensive Survey of Agents for Computer Use: Foundations, Challenges, and Future Directions
A survey of 87 agents for computer use and 33 datasets that introduces a three-dimensional taxonomy across domain, interaction, and agent perspectives and identifies six research gaps.
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Securing Computer-Use Agents: A Unified Architecture-Lifecycle Framework for Deployment-Grounded Reliability
The paper develops a unified framework that organizes computer-use agent reliability around perception-decision-execution layers and creation-deployment-operation-maintenance stages to map security and alignment interventions.
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Large Language Model-Brained GUI Agents: A Survey
A survey consolidating frameworks, data practices, large action models, benchmarks, applications, and research gaps in LLM-brained GUI agents.
- Where and How to Prune: An Empirical Study of Visual Token Pruning for GUI Agent Navigation