SEVerA uses Formally Guarded Generative Models and a three-stage Search-Verification-Learning process to synthesize self-evolving agents that satisfy hard formal constraints while improving task performance.
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Reinforcement Learning for Self-Improving Agent with Skill Library
Canonical reference. 88% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
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Pith papers citing it
Background
88% of classified citations
abstract
Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex reasoning and multi-turn interactions but struggle to continuously improve and adapt when deployed in new environments. One promising approach is implementing skill libraries that allow agents to learn, validate, and apply new skills. However, current skill library approaches rely primarily on LLM prompting, making consistent skill library implementation challenging. To overcome these challenges, we propose a Reinforcement Learning (RL)-based approach to enhance agents' self-improvement capabilities with a skill library. Specifically, we introduce Skill Augmented GRPO for self-Evolution (SAGE), a novel RL framework that systematically incorporates skills into learning. The framework's key component, Sequential Rollout, iteratively deploys agents across a chain of similar tasks for each rollout. As agents navigate through the task chain, skills generated from previous tasks accumulate in the library and become available for subsequent tasks. Additionally, the framework enhances skill generation and utilization through a Skill-integrated Reward that complements the original outcome-based rewards. Experimental results on AppWorld demonstrate that SAGE, when applied to supervised-finetuned model with expert experience, achieves 8.9% higher Scenario Goal Completion while requiring 26% fewer interaction steps and generating 59% fewer tokens, substantially outperforming existing approaches in both accuracy and efficiency.
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2026 22representative citing papers
SkillOps maintains LLM skill libraries via Skill Contracts and ecosystem graphs, raising ALFWorld task success to 79.5% as a standalone agent and improving retrieval baselines by up to 2.9 points with near-zero library-time LLM cost.
OLIVIA treats LLM agent action selection as a contextual linear bandit over frozen hidden states and applies UCB exploration to adapt online, yielding consistent gains over static ReAct and prompt-based baselines on four benchmarks.
SearchSkill improves exact match scores and retrieval efficiency on open-domain QA by conditioning LLM actions on skills from an evolving SkillBank updated from failure patterns via two-stage SFT.
CMIB uses a conditional multimodal information bottleneck to create reusable agent skills that separate verbalizable text content from predictive perceptual residuals, improving execution stability.
COSPLAY co-evolves an LLM decision agent with a skill bank agent to improve long-horizon game performance, reporting over 25.1% average reward gains versus frontier LLM baselines on single-player benchmarks.
This survey introduces the Generate-Filter-Control-Replay (GFCR) taxonomy to structure rollout pipelines for RL-based post-training of reasoning LLMs.
SkillFoundry mines heterogeneous scientific resources into a self-evolving library of validated agent skills, with 71.1% novelty versus prior libraries and measurable gains on coding benchmarks plus two genomics tasks.
Catalogs ten patterns and synthesizes a four-layer reference architecture for skill harnessing in LLM agents, evaluated via cross-instantiation on eight systems.
A systematic study across five domains finds model-generated skills yield average gains but non-uniform negative transfer, with a meta-skill improving extraction quality.
SeqMem-Eval reveals that high final accuracy in sequential LLM memory tasks often coexists with substantial forgetting and negative transfer, exposing stability-adaptability trade-offs hidden by standard aggregate metrics.
Skill-R1 applies bi-level group-relative policy optimization to evolve skills recurrently from verified outcomes, yielding gains over baselines on multi-step tasks.
SkillMaster enables LLM agents to autonomously develop skills via trajectory review, counterfactual evaluation, and DualAdv-GRPO training, boosting success rates by 8.8% on ALFWorld and 9.3% on WebShop.
SkillGraph jointly evolves agent skills and collaboration topologies in multi-agent vision-language systems using a multimodal graph transformer and a skill designer, yielding consistent performance gains on benchmarks.
DataCOPE uses verifier-guided contrastive distillation from agent trajectories to discover skills, yielding average gains of 9.71% on report-style and 32.30% on reasoning-style data analysis tasks across four model settings.
SkillsVote is a governance system for agent skills that profiles corpora, recommends via search, and gates updates on successful reusable outcomes, yielding benchmark gains without model changes.
Skill1 trains a single RL policy to co-evolve skill selection, utilization, and distillation in language model agents from one task-outcome reward, using low-frequency trends to credit selection and high-frequency variation to credit distillation, outperforming baselines on ALFWorld and WebShop.
Web2BigTable introduces a bi-level multi-agent system that achieves new state-of-the-art results on wide-coverage and deep web-to-table search benchmarks through orchestration, coordination, and closed-loop reflection.
Bilevel optimization with outer-loop MCTS for skill structure and inner-loop LLM refinement improves agent accuracy on an operations-research question-answering dataset.
citing papers explorer
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SEVerA: Verified Synthesis of Self-Evolving Agents
SEVerA uses Formally Guarded Generative Models and a three-stage Search-Verification-Learning process to synthesize self-evolving agents that satisfy hard formal constraints while improving task performance.
-
SkillOps: Managing LLM Agent Skill Libraries as Self-Maintaining Software Ecosystems
SkillOps maintains LLM skill libraries via Skill Contracts and ecosystem graphs, raising ALFWorld task success to 79.5% as a standalone agent and improving retrieval baselines by up to 2.9 points with near-zero library-time LLM cost.
-
OLIVIA: Online Learning via Inference-time Action Adaptation for Decision Making in LLM ReAct Agents
OLIVIA treats LLM agent action selection as a contextual linear bandit over frozen hidden states and applies UCB exploration to adapt online, yielding consistent gains over static ReAct and prompt-based baselines on four benchmarks.
-
SearchSkill: Teaching LLMs to Use Search Tools with Evolving Skill Banks
SearchSkill improves exact match scores and retrieval efficiency on open-domain QA by conditioning LLM actions on skills from an evolving SkillBank updated from failure patterns via two-stage SFT.
-
Skill-CMIB: Multimodal Agent Skill for Consistent Action via Conditional Multimodal Information Bottleneck
CMIB uses a conditional multimodal information bottleneck to create reusable agent skills that separate verbalizable text content from predictive perceptual residuals, improving execution stability.
-
Co-Evolving LLM Decision and Skill Bank Agents for Long-Horizon Tasks
COSPLAY co-evolves an LLM decision agent with a skill bank agent to improve long-horizon game performance, reporting over 25.1% average reward gains versus frontier LLM baselines on single-player benchmarks.
-
Generate, Filter, Control, Replay: A Comprehensive Survey of Rollout Strategies for LLM Reinforcement Learning
This survey introduces the Generate-Filter-Control-Replay (GFCR) taxonomy to structure rollout pipelines for RL-based post-training of reasoning LLMs.
-
SKILLFOUNDRY: Building Self-Evolving Agent Skill Libraries from Heterogeneous Scientific Resources
SkillFoundry mines heterogeneous scientific resources into a self-evolving library of validated agent skills, with 71.1% novelty versus prior libraries and measurable gains on coding benchmarks plus two genomics tasks.
-
Harnessing Agent Skills: Architectural Patterns and a Reference Architecture for Skill-Mediated LLM Agents
Catalogs ten patterns and synthesizes a four-layer reference architecture for skill harnessing in LLM agents, evaluated via cross-instantiation on eight systems.
-
From Raw Experience to Skill Consumption: A Systematic Study of Model-Generated Agent Skills
A systematic study across five domains finds model-generated skills yield average gains but non-uniform negative transfer, with a meta-skill improving extraction quality.
-
Is One Score Enough? Rethinking the Evaluation of Sequentially Evolving LLM Memory
SeqMem-Eval reveals that high final accuracy in sequential LLM memory tasks often coexists with substantial forgetting and negative transfer, exposing stability-adaptability trade-offs hidden by standard aggregate metrics.
-
Skill-R1: Agent Skill Evolution via Reinforcement Learning
Skill-R1 applies bi-level group-relative policy optimization to evolve skills recurrently from verified outcomes, yielding gains over baselines on multi-step tasks.
-
SkillMaster: Toward Autonomous Skill Mastery in LLM Agents
SkillMaster enables LLM agents to autonomously develop skills via trajectory review, counterfactual evaluation, and DualAdv-GRPO training, boosting success rates by 8.8% on ALFWorld and 9.3% on WebShop.
-
SkillGraph: Self-Evolving Multi-Agent Collaboration with Multimodal Graph Topology
SkillGraph jointly evolves agent skills and collaboration topologies in multi-agent vision-language systems using a multimodal graph transformer and a skill designer, yielding consistent performance gains on benchmarks.
-
Unsupervised Skill Discovery for Agentic Data Analysis
DataCOPE uses verifier-guided contrastive distillation from agent trajectories to discover skills, yielding average gains of 9.71% on report-style and 32.30% on reasoning-style data analysis tasks across four model settings.
-
SkillsVote: Lifecycle Governance of Agent Skills from Collection, Recommendation to Evolution
SkillsVote is a governance system for agent skills that profiles corpora, recommends via search, and gates updates on successful reusable outcomes, yielding benchmark gains without model changes.
-
Skill1: Unified Evolution of Skill-Augmented Agents via Reinforcement Learning
Skill1 trains a single RL policy to co-evolve skill selection, utilization, and distillation in language model agents from one task-outcome reward, using low-frequency trends to credit selection and high-frequency variation to credit distillation, outperforming baselines on ALFWorld and WebShop.
-
Web2BigTable: A Bi-Level Multi-Agent LLM System for Internet-Scale Information Search and Extraction
Web2BigTable introduces a bi-level multi-agent system that achieves new state-of-the-art results on wide-coverage and deep web-to-table search benchmarks through orchestration, coordination, and closed-loop reflection.
-
Bilevel Optimization of Agent Skills via Monte Carlo Tree Search
Bilevel optimization with outer-loop MCTS for skill structure and inner-loop LLM refinement improves agent accuracy on an operations-research question-answering dataset.
- SkillOpt: Executive Strategy for Self-Evolving Agent Skills
- A Comprehensive Survey on Agent Skills: Taxonomy, Techniques, and Applications
- Agent Skills for Large Language Models: Architecture, Acquisition, Security, and the Path Forward