ZPPO improves distillation to small vision-language models by using binary and negative candidate prompts plus a replay buffer for hard questions, outperforming standard distillation and GRPO on a 31-benchmark suite with largest gains at the 0.8B scale.
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Iconqa: A new benchmark for abstract diagram understanding and visual language reasoning
Tool reference. 80% of classified Pith citations use this work as a method, library, or software dependency, not as a substantive claim.
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abstract
Current visual question answering (VQA) tasks mainly consider answering human-annotated questions for natural images. However, aside from natural images, abstract diagrams with semantic richness are still understudied in visual understanding and reasoning research. In this work, we introduce a new challenge of Icon Question Answering (IconQA) with the goal of answering a question in an icon image context. We release IconQA, a large-scale dataset that consists of 107,439 questions and three sub-tasks: multi-image-choice, multi-text-choice, and filling-in-the-blank. The IconQA dataset is inspired by real-world diagram word problems that highlight the importance of abstract diagram understanding and comprehensive cognitive reasoning. Thus, IconQA requires not only perception skills like object recognition and text understanding, but also diverse cognitive reasoning skills, such as geometric reasoning, commonsense reasoning, and arithmetic reasoning. To facilitate potential IconQA models to learn semantic representations for icon images, we further release an icon dataset Icon645 which contains 645,687 colored icons on 377 classes. We conduct extensive user studies and blind experiments and reproduce a wide range of advanced VQA methods to benchmark the IconQA task. Also, we develop a strong IconQA baseline Patch-TRM that applies a pyramid cross-modal Transformer with input diagram embeddings pre-trained on the icon dataset. IconQA and Icon645 are available at https://iconqa.github.io.
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representative citing papers
DRAPE generates query-image conditioned prompts on the fly for multimodal continual instruction tuning and reports SOTA results on MCIT benchmarks.
FLARE is a vision-language model family using text-guided vision encoding, context-aware alignment decoding, dual-semantic mapping loss, and text-driven VQA synthesis to achieve deep cross-modal integration, outperforming larger models with only 630 vision tokens at 3B scale.
Janus decouples visual encoding into task-specific pathways inside a single autoregressive transformer to unify multimodal understanding and generation while outperforming earlier unified models.
Low-rank LLM adaptation during vision-language alignment outperforms full fine-tuning by preserving per-token visual structure and favoring flat, noise-robust subspaces.
Flatness Preference Optimization (FlatPO) improves multimodal PEFT generalization by flattening a small set of sharp dimensions that dominate performance.
ProtoAda uses format-aware prototypes for better task routing and geometry-aware consolidation to reduce interference in multimodal continual instruction tuning.
Octopus introduces history-free gradient orthogonalization in a two-stage finetuning framework to achieve state-of-the-art continual learning results for multimodal LLMs on the UCIT benchmark.
Slot-MLLM introduces a slot-attention-based object-centric visual tokenizer with Q-Former encoder, diffusion decoder, and residual vector quantization for improved local visual comprehension and generation in multimodal LLMs.
InternVL3-78B sets a new open-source SOTA of 72.2 on MMMU via native joint multimodal pre-training, V2PE, MPO, and test-time scaling while remaining competitive with proprietary models.
A two-stage RL framework first boosts text reasoning in 3B LMMs then adapts it to multimodal inputs, producing modest benchmark gains of 4.5-4.8%.
InternVL 2.5 is the first open-source MLLM to surpass 70% on the MMMU benchmark via model, data, and test-time scaling, with a 3.7-point gain from chain-of-thought reasoning.
Mixed Preference Optimization with the MMPR dataset boosts multimodal CoT reasoning, lifting InternVL2-8B to 67.0 accuracy on MathVista (+8.7 points) and matching the 76B model.
A GRPO framework that treats thinking as a tool call and uses dual-level regulation so multimodal models learn when to reason versus answer directly.
LASER uses Visual Grounding Reward and Sink Suppression Reward to preserve visual attention trajectories and suppress sink tokens, reducing visual forgetting in LVLMs.
CRAM uses adaptive MoE with centroid routing and orthogonality constraints to enable parameter-efficient multimodal continual instruction tuning while mitigating forgetting.
CoGR-MoE improves VQA by using concept-guided expert routing with option feature reweighting and contrastive learning to achieve consistent yet flexible reasoning across answer options.
MAny addresses dual-forgetting in multimodal continual instruction tuning via CPM and LPM merging strategies, delivering up to 8.57% accuracy gains on UCIT benchmarks without additional training.
DeepSeek-VL2 is a series of MoE vision-language models using dynamic tiling and latent attention that reach competitive or state-of-the-art results on VQA, OCR, document understanding and grounding with 1.0B to 4.5B activated parameters.
mPLUG-Owl3 introduces hyper attention blocks to integrate vision and language for long image-sequence understanding and reports SOTA results on single-image, multi-image, and video benchmarks.
MiniCPM-Llama3-V 2.5 delivers GPT-4V-level multimodal performance on phones through architecture, pretraining, and alignment optimizations.
InternLM-XComposer-2.5 is a 7B vision-language model supporting up to 96K context that reaches GPT-4V-level performance on image, video, and multi-turn tasks and adds LoRA-driven text-image composition capabilities.
InternVL scales a vision model to 6B parameters and aligns it with LLMs using web data to achieve state-of-the-art results on 32 visual-linguistic benchmarks.
MiniGPT-v2 adds unique task identifiers to a large language model so one system can perform image description, visual question answering, and visual grounding after three-stage training.
citing papers explorer
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Zone of Proximal Policy Optimization: Teacher in Prompts, Not Gradients
ZPPO improves distillation to small vision-language models by using binary and negative candidate prompts plus a replay buffer for hard questions, outperforming standard distillation and GRPO on a 31-benchmark suite with largest gains at the 0.8B scale.
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Dynamic Cross-Modal Prompt Generation for Multimodal Continual Instruction Tuning
DRAPE generates query-image conditioned prompts on the fly for multimodal continual instruction tuning and reports SOTA results on MCIT benchmarks.
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FLARE: Fully Integration of Vision-Language Representations for Deep Cross-Modal Understanding
FLARE is a vision-language model family using text-guided vision encoding, context-aware alignment decoding, dual-semantic mapping loss, and text-driven VQA synthesis to achieve deep cross-modal integration, outperforming larger models with only 630 vision tokens at 3B scale.
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Janus: Decoupling Visual Encoding for Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation
Janus decouples visual encoding into task-specific pathways inside a single autoregressive transformer to unify multimodal understanding and generation while outperforming earlier unified models.
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Dive Into the Implicit Biases of Low-rank Vision-language Alignment
Low-rank LLM adaptation during vision-language alignment outperforms full fine-tuning by preserving per-token visual structure and favoring flat, noise-robust subspaces.
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5% > 100%: Flatness Preference is All You Need for Multimodal Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning
Flatness Preference Optimization (FlatPO) improves multimodal PEFT generalization by flattening a small set of sharp dimensions that dominate performance.
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ProtoAda: Prototype-Guided Adaptive Adapter Expansion and Geometric Consolidation for Multimodal Continual Instruction Tuning
ProtoAda uses format-aware prototypes for better task routing and geometry-aware consolidation to reduce interference in multimodal continual instruction tuning.
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Octopus: History-Free Gradient Orthogonalization for Continual Learning in Multimodal Large Language Models
Octopus introduces history-free gradient orthogonalization in a two-stage finetuning framework to achieve state-of-the-art continual learning results for multimodal LLMs on the UCIT benchmark.
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Slot-MLLM: Object-Centric Visual Tokenization for Multimodal LLM
Slot-MLLM introduces a slot-attention-based object-centric visual tokenizer with Q-Former encoder, diffusion decoder, and residual vector quantization for improved local visual comprehension and generation in multimodal LLMs.
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InternVL3: Exploring Advanced Training and Test-Time Recipes for Open-Source Multimodal Models
InternVL3-78B sets a new open-source SOTA of 72.2 on MMMU via native joint multimodal pre-training, V2PE, MPO, and test-time scaling while remaining competitive with proprietary models.
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LMM-R1: Empowering 3B LMMs with Strong Reasoning Abilities Through Two-Stage Rule-Based RL
A two-stage RL framework first boosts text reasoning in 3B LMMs then adapts it to multimodal inputs, producing modest benchmark gains of 4.5-4.8%.
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Expanding Performance Boundaries of Open-Source Multimodal Models with Model, Data, and Test-Time Scaling
InternVL 2.5 is the first open-source MLLM to surpass 70% on the MMMU benchmark via model, data, and test-time scaling, with a 3.7-point gain from chain-of-thought reasoning.
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Enhancing the Reasoning Ability of Multimodal Large Language Models via Mixed Preference Optimization
Mixed Preference Optimization with the MMPR dataset boosts multimodal CoT reasoning, lifting InternVL2-8B to 67.0 accuracy on MathVista (+8.7 points) and matching the 76B model.
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Switch-Reasoner: Learn When to Think in Multitask Mixtures via Reinforcement Learning
A GRPO framework that treats thinking as a tool call and uses dual-level regulation so multimodal models learn when to reason versus answer directly.
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LASER: A Corrective Lens for LVLMs via Visual Attention Preservation and Sink Suppression
LASER uses Visual Grounding Reward and Sink Suppression Reward to preserve visual attention trajectories and suppress sink tokens, reducing visual forgetting in LVLMs.
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CRAM: Centroid-Routing and Adaptive MoE for Multimodal Continual Instruction Tuning
CRAM uses adaptive MoE with centroid routing and orthogonality constraints to enable parameter-efficient multimodal continual instruction tuning while mitigating forgetting.
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CoGR-MoE: Concept-Guided Expert Routing with Consistent Selection and Flexible Reasoning for Visual Question Answering
CoGR-MoE improves VQA by using concept-guided expert routing with option feature reweighting and contrastive learning to achieve consistent yet flexible reasoning across answer options.
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MAny: Merge Anything for Multimodal Continual Instruction Tuning
MAny addresses dual-forgetting in multimodal continual instruction tuning via CPM and LPM merging strategies, delivering up to 8.57% accuracy gains on UCIT benchmarks without additional training.
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DeepSeek-VL2: Mixture-of-Experts Vision-Language Models for Advanced Multimodal Understanding
DeepSeek-VL2 is a series of MoE vision-language models using dynamic tiling and latent attention that reach competitive or state-of-the-art results on VQA, OCR, document understanding and grounding with 1.0B to 4.5B activated parameters.
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mPLUG-Owl3: Towards Long Image-Sequence Understanding in Multi-Modal Large Language Models
mPLUG-Owl3 introduces hyper attention blocks to integrate vision and language for long image-sequence understanding and reports SOTA results on single-image, multi-image, and video benchmarks.
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MiniCPM-V: A GPT-4V Level MLLM on Your Phone
MiniCPM-Llama3-V 2.5 delivers GPT-4V-level multimodal performance on phones through architecture, pretraining, and alignment optimizations.
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InternLM-XComposer-2.5: A Versatile Large Vision Language Model Supporting Long-Contextual Input and Output
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InternVL: Scaling up Vision Foundation Models and Aligning for Generic Visual-Linguistic Tasks
InternVL scales a vision model to 6B parameters and aligns it with LLMs using web data to achieve state-of-the-art results on 32 visual-linguistic benchmarks.
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MiniGPT-v2: large language model as a unified interface for vision-language multi-task learning
MiniGPT-v2 adds unique task identifiers to a large language model so one system can perform image description, visual question answering, and visual grounding after three-stage training.
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MM-LIMA: Less Is More for Alignment in Multi-Modal Datasets
MM-LIMA uses proposed quality metrics and a trainable selector to pick 200 high-quality multimodal instruction examples and outperforms MiniGPT-4 on evaluations.
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DeepSeek-VL: Towards Real-World Vision-Language Understanding
DeepSeek-VL develops open-source 1.3B and 7B vision-language models that achieve competitive or state-of-the-art results on real-world visual-language benchmarks through diverse data curation, a hybrid vision encoder, and pretraining that preserves language capabilities.
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MobileVLM V2: Faster and Stronger Baseline for Vision Language Model
MobileVLM V2 shows that 1.7B and 3B parameter vision-language models can reach or exceed the performance of 3B and 7B+ models on common VLM benchmarks via targeted design and data improvements.
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InternLM-XComposer: A Vision-Language Large Model for Advanced Text-image Comprehension and Composition
InternLM-XComposer generates articles with seamlessly integrated images and achieves state-of-the-art results on vision-language benchmarks including MME, MMBench, and Seed-Bench.
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Position: Multimodal Large Language Models Can Significantly Advance Scientific Reasoning
Position paper claims multimodal LLMs can significantly advance scientific reasoning and proposes a four-stage roadmap plus challenges and suggestions.