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arxiv: 2412.03186 · v3 · pith:5FNSVJKDnew · submitted 2024-12-04 · ✦ hep-ex · hep-ph

First Measurement of the Muon Neutrino Interaction Cross Section and Flux as a Function of Energy at the LHC with FASER

FASER Collaboration: Roshan Mammen Abraham , Xiaocong Ai , John Anders , Claire Antel , Akitaka Ariga , Tomoko Ariga , Jeremy Atkinson , Florian U. Bernlochner
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Tobias Boeckh Jamie Boyd Lydia Brenner Angela Burger Franck Cadoux Roberto Cardella David W. Casper Charlotte Cavanagh Xin Chen Dhruv Chouhan Andrea Coccaro Stephane D\'ebieux Monica D'Onofrio Ansh Desai Sergey Dmitrievsky Radu Dobre Sinead Eley Yannick Favre Deion Fellers Jonathan L. Feng Carlo Alberto Fenoglio Didier Ferrere Max Fieg Wissal Filali Elena Firu Edward Galantay Ali Garabaglu Stephen Gibson Sergio Gonzalez-Sevilla Yuri Gornushkin Carl Gwilliam Daiki Hayakawa Michael Holzbock Shih-Chieh Hsu Zhen Hu Giuseppe Iacobucci Tomohiro Inada Luca Iodice Sune Jakobsen Hans Joos Enrique Kajomovitz Hiroaki Kawahara Alex Keyken Felix Kling Daniela K\"ock Pantelis Kontaxakis Umut Kose Rafaella Kotitsa Susanne Kuehn Thanushan Kugathasan Lorne Levinson Ke Li Jinfeng Liu Yi Liu Margaret S. Lutz Jack MacDonald Chiara Magliocca Toni M\"akel\"a Lawson McCoy Josh McFayden Andrea Pizarro Medina Matteo Milanesio Th\'eo Moretti Mitsuhiro Nakamura Toshiyuki Nakano Laurie Nevay Ken Ohashi Hidetoshi Otono Hao Pang Lorenzo Paolozzi Pawan Pawan Brian Petersen Titi Preda Markus Prim Michaela Queitsch-Maitland Hiroki Rokujo Andr\'e Rubbia Jorge Sabater-Iglesias Osamu Sato Paola Scampoli Kristof Schmieden Matthias Schott Anna Sfyrla Davide Sgalaberna Mansoora Shamim Savannah Shively Yosuke Takubo Noshin Tarannum Ondrej Theiner Eric Torrence Oscar Ivan Valdes Martinez Svetlana Vasina Benedikt Vormwald Di Wang Yuxiao Wang Eli Welch Monika Wielers Yue Xu Samuel Zahorec Stefano Zambito Shunliang Zhang
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-23 08:32 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ex hep-ph
keywords neutrino cross sectionmuon neutrino fluxLHCFASERTeV neutrinoscharged current interactionsStandard Model test
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The pith

Muon neutrino cross sections and fluxes measured differentially in six TeV energy bins at the LHC for the first time.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper reports the identification of 338 charged-current muon neutrino interactions in the FASER detector from 13.6 TeV proton collisions. Events are unfolded to a fiducial volume and analyzed in two complementary ways to extract both the energy-dependent cross section in tungsten and the differential neutrino flux. Results in six energy bins agree with Standard Model expectations and allow separation of pion and kaon decay contributions to the flux.

Core claim

Using 65.6 fb^{-1} of data, 338.1 ± 21.0 muon neutrino events are observed after background subtraction. The events are unfolded into six bins of neutrino energy, enabling the first differential measurement of the neutrino-nucleon cross section and the muon neutrino flux in the TeV range, both consistent with Standard Model predictions.

What carries the argument

Unfolding observed events into a fiducial volume corresponding to the FASER detector's sensitive regions, then interpreting the binned data either as a cross-section measurement (using the expected flux) or as a flux measurement (using the predicted cross section).

Load-bearing premise

The background subtraction from other processes and the unfolding procedure to the fiducial volume are accurate enough that the 338 events yield reliable differential distributions in six energy bins.

What would settle it

A significant deviation between the measured distributions in any of the six energy bins and the Standard Model prediction, exceeding the reported uncertainties, would falsify the claim of alignment with the Standard Model.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2412.03186 by Akitaka Ariga, Alex Keyken, Ali Garabaglu, Andrea Coccaro, Andrea Pizarro Medina, Andr\'e Rubbia, Angela Burger, Anna Sfyrla, Ansh Desai, Benedikt Vormwald, Brian Petersen, Carl Gwilliam, Carlo Alberto Fenoglio, Charlotte Cavanagh, Chiara Magliocca, Claire Antel, Daiki Hayakawa, Daniela K\"ock, Davide Sgalaberna, David W. Casper, Deion Fellers, Dhruv Chouhan, Didier Ferrere, Di Wang, Edward Galantay, Elena Firu, Eli Welch, Enrique Kajomovitz, Eric Torrence, FASER Collaboration: Roshan Mammen Abraham, Felix Kling, Florian U. Bernlochner, Franck Cadoux, Giuseppe Iacobucci, Hans Joos, Hao Pang, Hidetoshi Otono, Hiroaki Kawahara, Hiroki Rokujo, Jack MacDonald, Jamie Boyd, Jeremy Atkinson, Jinfeng Liu, John Anders, Jonathan L. Feng, Jorge Sabater-Iglesias, Josh McFayden, Ke Li, Ken Ohashi, Kristof Schmieden, Laurie Nevay, Lawson McCoy, Lorenzo Paolozzi, Lorne Levinson, Luca Iodice, Lydia Brenner, Mansoora Shamim, Margaret S. Lutz, Markus Prim, Matteo Milanesio, Matthias Schott, Max Fieg, Michaela Queitsch-Maitland, Michael Holzbock, Mitsuhiro Nakamura, Monica D'Onofrio, Monika Wielers, Noshin Tarannum, Ondrej Theiner, Osamu Sato, Oscar Ivan Valdes Martinez, Pantelis Kontaxakis, Paola Scampoli, Pawan Pawan, Radu Dobre, Rafaella Kotitsa, Roberto Cardella, Samuel Zahorec, Savannah Shively, Sergey Dmitrievsky, Sergio Gonzalez-Sevilla, Shih-Chieh Hsu, Shunliang Zhang, Sinead Eley, Stefano Zambito, Stephane D\'ebieux, Stephen Gibson, Sune Jakobsen, Susanne Kuehn, Svetlana Vasina, Thanushan Kugathasan, Th\'eo Moretti, Titi Preda, Tobias Boeckh, Tomohiro Inada, Tomoko Ariga, Toni M\"akel\"a, Toshiyuki Nakano, Umut Kose, Wissal Filali, Xiaocong Ai, Xin Chen, Yannick Favre, Yi Liu, Yosuke Takubo, Yue Xu, Yuri Gornushkin, Yuxiao Wang, Zhen Hu.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. The relative systematic uncertainties on the deter [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Comparison of the number of neutrino interactions [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: (right) shows the extrapolation of the geometric muon background from the sideband into the signal region. The neutrino expectation is subtracted from the data and fitted with an exponential function. Systematic variations in the extrapolation fit were also tested, but as the resulting change in the background predictions were within the data statistical uncertainties no additional uncertainty was applied.… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. The response matrix relating the reconstructed, calibrated muon momentum [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: , for these distributions signal events agree with simulation, but are very distinct from background-like events. FIG. 7. Number of clusters in the IFT (left), track polar angle θµ (center) at the first station of the tracking spectrometer, and the ratio of the muon unit charge and momentum q/pµ (right) for signal events (black markers), muon-like events (gray markers), and simulation (blue histogram). The… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8. ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9. The observed number of neutrino interactions (black markers) is compared to the expectation from [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10. The observed number of neutrino interactions (black markers) is compared to the pre-fit expectation with a total of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: FIG. 11. The contour plots of cross section versus flux for each [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_11.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

This letter presents the measurement of the energy-dependent neutrino-nucleon cross section in tungsten and the differential flux of muon neutrinos and anti-neutrinos. The analysis is performed using proton-proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of $13.6 \, {\rm TeV}$ and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $(65.6 \pm 1.4) \, \mathrm{fb^{-1}}$. Using the active electronic components of the FASER detector, $338.1 \pm 21.0$ charged current muon neutrino interaction events are identified, with backgrounds from other processes subtracted. We unfold the neutrino events into a fiducial volume corresponding to the sensitive regions of the FASER detector and interpret the results in two ways: We use the expected neutrino flux to measure the cross section, and we use the predicted cross section to measure the neutrino flux. Both results are presented in six bins of neutrino energy, achieving the first differential measurement in the TeV range. The observed distributions align with Standard Model predictions. Using this differential data, we extract the contributions of neutrinos from pion and kaon decays.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper reports the first differential measurement of the muon neutrino-nucleon cross section in tungsten and the differential flux of muon neutrinos and antineutrinos at the LHC. Using 65.6 fb^{-1} of 13.6 TeV pp collision data collected with the FASER detector, 338.1 ± 21.0 charged-current muon neutrino events are identified after background subtraction. The events are unfolded into a fiducial volume and interpreted in two complementary ways (cross section using predicted flux; flux using predicted cross section), both presented in six neutrino-energy bins. The distributions agree with Standard Model expectations, and the data are used to extract the relative contributions from pion and kaon decays.

Significance. If the unfolding and background modeling hold, this constitutes the first TeV-scale differential neutrino cross-section and flux measurement at a collider. It supplies direct experimental input on high-energy neutrino interactions and forward production, which is valuable for validating Monte Carlo generators, constraining pion/kaon yields, and informing future forward-neutrino programs. The dual-interpretation approach and the extraction of decay-channel contributions are particular strengths.

major comments (2)
  1. [Unfolding procedure (results and methods sections)] The six-bin differential results (cross section and flux) rest on the unfolding step to the fiducial volume, yet the manuscript provides no migration matrix, regularization strength, condition number, or closure-test outcomes. Without these quantitative diagnostics it is impossible to assess migration, bias, or statistical stability across the six energy bins, which directly affects the reliability of both the cross-section and flux measurements.
  2. [Background estimation and event selection] Background subtraction yields the quoted 338.1 ± 21.0 events, but no energy-dependent validation or sideband studies are shown that would demonstrate the background model does not introduce bin-to-bin distortions. Any residual energy-dependent bias would propagate directly into the unfolded spectra and the subsequent pion/kaon extraction.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states the total event count and unfolding but does not quote the per-bin event yields or the size of the unfolding corrections; adding these numbers would improve transparency.
  2. [Results section] Notation for neutrino versus antineutrino fluxes and the precise definition of the fiducial volume should be stated explicitly in the text rather than only in figures.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive assessment of the significance of this first differential TeV-scale neutrino measurement and for the constructive comments. We address each major comment below and will revise the manuscript accordingly to improve transparency.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: The six-bin differential results (cross section and flux) rest on the unfolding step to the fiducial volume, yet the manuscript provides no migration matrix, regularization strength, condition number, or closure-test outcomes. Without these quantitative diagnostics it is impossible to assess migration, bias, or statistical stability across the six energy bins, which directly affects the reliability of both the cross-section and flux measurements.

    Authors: We agree that these quantitative diagnostics are important for assessing the unfolding. The current letter format limited the space available for such details. In the revised manuscript we will add the migration matrix (as a figure or table), state the regularization strength, report the condition number of the response matrix, and include closure-test results demonstrating stability and bias control across the six energy bins. revision: yes

  2. Referee: Background subtraction yields the quoted 338.1 ± 21.0 events, but no energy-dependent validation or sideband studies are shown that would demonstrate the background model does not introduce bin-to-bin distortions. Any residual energy-dependent bias would propagate directly into the unfolded spectra and the subsequent pion/kaon extraction.

    Authors: We acknowledge that energy-dependent validation strengthens confidence in the background model. The letter format constrained the presentation of such studies. In the revised version we will include energy-dependent sideband distributions and validation plots to demonstrate that the background subtraction does not introduce significant bin-to-bin distortions. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; direct data-driven measurement

full rationale

The paper identifies 338.1 ± 21.0 events in data, subtracts backgrounds, unfolds to a fiducial volume, and presents two alternative interpretations (cross section from expected flux, or flux from predicted cross section) in six energy bins. These use external model inputs only for one quantity while measuring the other; no equations or steps reduce the reported distributions to fitted parameters or self-citations by construction. The alignment with SM predictions is a comparison, not a derivation. The analysis is self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The measurement rests on standard particle-physics modeling of neutrino production and detector response; no new free parameters or invented entities are introduced in the reported results.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Standard Model predictions for neutrino-nucleon cross sections and for the relative contributions of pion and kaon decays to the forward neutrino flux are sufficiently accurate to serve as reference for the measurement.
    Invoked when interpreting the unfolded data in the two ways described and when stating alignment with predictions.

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discussion (0)

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Forward citations

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