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Grounding Complex Natural Language Commands for Temporal Tasks in Unseen Environments

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arxiv 2302.11649 v2 pith:XKF3FS52 submitted 2023-02-22 cs.RO cs.AIcs.CLcs.FL

classification cs.ROcs.AIcs.CLcs.FL
keywords commandsenvironmentstemporallang2ltllanguagenavigationaldatadiverse
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

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Grounding navigational commands to linear temporal logic (LTL) leverages its unambiguous semantics for reasoning about long-horizon tasks and verifying the satisfaction of temporal constraints. Existing approaches require training data from the specific environment and landmarks that will be used in natural language to understand commands in those environments. We propose Lang2LTL, a modular system and a software package that leverages large language models (LLMs) to ground temporal navigational commands to LTL specifications in environments without prior language data. We comprehensively evaluate Lang2LTL for five well-defined generalization behaviors. Lang2LTL demonstrates the state-of-the-art ability of a single model to ground navigational commands to diverse temporal specifications in 21 city-scaled environments. Finally, we demonstrate a physical robot using Lang2LTL can follow 52 semantically diverse navigational commands in two indoor environments.

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Forward citations

Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 10 citations worldwide. Full citation record

  1. Weights or Skills? A Survey of Robot-Learning Techniques: from Action-Predicting Weights to Robots that Write their Own Skills

    cs.RO 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A taxonomy of robot learning on a weights-versus-skills axis, with a five-rung self-improvement ladder whose top cell (feedback plus memory plus search) holds only a few recent systems.

  2. Deploying Foundation Model-Enabled Air and Ground Robots in the Field: Challenges and Opportunities

    cs.RO 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A closed-loop LLM planning framework was field-tested on ground and aerial robots for kilometer-scale missions, including an onboard UAV planner built from a distilled small language model.

  3. Air-Ground Collaboration for Language-Specified Missions in Unknown Environments

    cs.RO 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A drone and a ground robot coordinated by an LLM planner over an intermittently shared semantic map complete seven natural-language missions in unknown outdoor environments.

  4. What is Formal Verification without Specifications? A Survey on mining LTL Specifications

    cs.FL 2025-01 conditional novelty 2.0 of 10

    This is a structured survey and qualitative comparison of recent algorithms for learning LTL specifications from positive and negative behavioral examples.

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