arxiv: 2305.15717 · v1 · submitted 2023-05-25 · 💻 cs.CL

The False Promise of Imitating Proprietary LLMs

Arnav Gudibande , Eric Wallace , Charlie Snell , Xinyang Geng , Hao Liu , Pieter Abbeel , Sergey Levine , Dawn Song This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-18 06:49 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.CL

keywords language model imitationfinetuningChatGPTopen-source LLMscapabilities gapinstruction followingfactuality

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The pith

Finetuning open models on proprietary LLM outputs like ChatGPT fails to close the capabilities gap.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper investigates whether finetuning weaker open language models on outputs from systems like ChatGPT can cheaply close the performance difference. Models ranging from 1.5B to 13B parameters were trained on imitation datasets from 0.3M to 150M tokens. Human crowd raters judged the resulting outputs as competitive in instruction following, yet targeted automatic benchmarks revealed almost no reduction in the gap to ChatGPT on tasks outside the imitation data distribution. The authors conclude that imitation primarily reproduces surface style rather than underlying capabilities, making it an ineffective route compared with building stronger base models.

Core claim

Model imitation is a false promise: there exists a substantial capabilities gap between open and closed LMs that, with current methods, can only be bridged using an unwieldy amount of imitation data or by using more capable base LMs.

What carries the argument

Finetuning runs that generate imitation models from base sizes 1.5B–13B on varying volumes of ChatGPT outputs, followed by side-by-side comparison of crowd ratings against automatic evaluations on held-out NLP tasks.

Load-bearing premise

That the targeted automatic evaluations on tasks not heavily supported in the imitation data accurately capture the meaningful capabilities gap, rather than reflecting only the distribution of the collected imitation data itself.

What would settle it

An imitation model trained on a moderate data volume that matches ChatGPT accuracy on a task whose required skills are absent from the imitation set would refute the claim of a persistent gap.

read the original abstract

An emerging method to cheaply improve a weaker language model is to finetune it on outputs from a stronger model, such as a proprietary system like ChatGPT (e.g., Alpaca, Self-Instruct, and others). This approach looks to cheaply imitate the proprietary model's capabilities using a weaker open-source model. In this work, we critically analyze this approach. We first finetune a series of LMs that imitate ChatGPT using varying base model sizes (1.5B--13B), data sources, and imitation data amounts (0.3M--150M tokens). We then evaluate the models using crowd raters and canonical NLP benchmarks. Initially, we were surprised by the output quality of our imitation models -- they appear far better at following instructions, and crowd workers rate their outputs as competitive with ChatGPT. However, when conducting more targeted automatic evaluations, we find that imitation models close little to none of the gap from the base LM to ChatGPT on tasks that are not heavily supported in the imitation data. We show that these performance discrepancies may slip past human raters because imitation models are adept at mimicking ChatGPT's style but not its factuality. Overall, we conclude that model imitation is a false promise: there exists a substantial capabilities gap between open and closed LMs that, with current methods, can only be bridged using an unwieldy amount of imitation data or by using more capable base LMs. In turn, we argue that the highest leverage action for improving open-source models is to tackle the difficult challenge of developing better base LMs, rather than taking the shortcut of imitating proprietary systems.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

Imitation mostly copies style but leaves a clear factuality gap on unsupported tasks, and the evaluation choices make that gap look larger than it might be with better data coverage.

read the letter

Hey, the main thing to know is that this paper finds imitation fine-tuning from ChatGPT mostly teaches style rather than substance on tasks outside the data, so the models still lag ChatGPT on targeted automatic checks even when crowd raters rate them close. They ran a controlled set of runs that vary base model size from 1.5B to 13B, data sources, and imitation data volume from 0.3M to 150M tokens, then compared outputs to ChatGPT with both human ratings and standard benchmarks. That setup is more systematic than the single-model reports like Alpaca, and the split they show between fluent style and missing factuality on low-support tasks is the clearest new empirical point. The results line up with the claim that you would need a lot more data or a stronger base model to close the gap under current methods. The soft spot is exactly the one in the stress-test note: the automatic evaluations target tasks not heavily supported in the imitation sets, so without per-task overlap numbers or an ablation that adds coverage while holding the base model fixed, the persistent gap could partly reflect data mismatch rather than an intrinsic limit. Their conclusion that open-source efforts should focus on better pretraining instead of imitation still follows from the data they have, but the evidence is stronger on the style-versus-factuality distinction than on proving the gap is unbridgeable at scale. This is useful reading for anyone building or evaluating open models who might default to distillation. It shows straightforward empirical thinking and honest engagement with the limits of the approach. I would send it to peer review; the experiments are concrete enough to get useful feedback even if task selection needs more detail.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper claims that finetuning open-source LMs (1.5B–13B) on ChatGPT outputs using 0.3M–150M tokens of imitation data produces models that human raters find competitive with ChatGPT on instruction following, yet targeted automatic evaluations show these imitation models close little to none of the capabilities gap to ChatGPT on tasks not heavily supported in the imitation data. The authors attribute the human-automatic discrepancy to stylistic mimicry without corresponding gains in factuality, concluding that imitation is a false promise that can only be overcome with impractically large data volumes or stronger base models, and that open-source progress should instead prioritize better base LMs.

Significance. If the central empirical findings hold, the work provides a timely cautionary result for the open-source LLM community by demonstrating that current imitation pipelines do not substitute for stronger base models. The systematic variation across base-model sizes, data sources, and data volumes, combined with dual human and automatic evaluation protocols, supplies concrete evidence that stylistic fluency can mask persistent factual and reasoning shortfalls. This strengthens the case for redirecting effort toward pretraining improvements rather than post-hoc distillation.

major comments (2)

[Evaluation and Results sections] The load-bearing claim that imitation closes little of the gap specifically on tasks 'not heavily supported in the imitation data' (abstract and results) lacks explicit quantification. No per-task coverage statistics, token-overlap metrics, or ablations that increase support while holding the base model fixed are reported; without these, the observed discrepancies risk being partly tautological with the data-collection process rather than evidence of an intrinsic capabilities ceiling.
[Human vs. Automatic Evaluation Comparison] The interpretation that human raters are fooled by style while automatic metrics reveal factuality gaps (results) is plausible but under-supported. Additional controls—such as factuality-specific probes on high- versus low-coverage tasks or inter-rater reliability broken down by factual accuracy—would be needed to rule out that the automatic benchmarks simply penalize distribution shift.

minor comments (2)

[Experimental Setup] Clarify the precise list of canonical NLP benchmarks, any data-filtering rules applied to the imitation sets, and whether statistical significance was assessed across the multiple experimental configurations.
[Figures] Label all curves and bars in the performance plots with exact base-model sizes and token counts so that trends across the 0.3M–150M range are immediately readable.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive feedback on our manuscript. We address each of the major comments below, providing clarifications and indicating where revisions will be made to improve the paper.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Evaluation and Results sections] The load-bearing claim that imitation closes little of the gap specifically on tasks 'not heavily supported in the imitation data' (abstract and results) lacks explicit quantification. No per-task coverage statistics, token-overlap metrics, or ablations that increase support while holding the base model fixed are reported; without these, the observed discrepancies risk being partly tautological with the data-collection process rather than evidence of an intrinsic capabilities ceiling.

Authors: We appreciate this point and agree that more explicit quantification would help substantiate the claim. While our imitation data consists of general instruction-following examples generated via Self-Instruct, which by design covers a broad range of tasks, we acknowledge the value of direct metrics. In the revised version, we will add token-overlap statistics between the imitation dataset and each evaluation benchmark to quantify support levels. We will also include per-task analysis showing performance gaps on low-overlap tasks. Regarding ablations that increase support while holding the base model fixed, this would require collecting additional targeted data for specific benchmarks, which is computationally intensive but we will discuss this as a direction for future work and potentially include a small-scale experiment if space permits. revision: partial
Referee: [Human vs. Automatic Evaluation Comparison] The interpretation that human raters are fooled by style while automatic metrics reveal factuality gaps (results) is plausible but under-supported. Additional controls—such as factuality-specific probes on high- versus low-coverage tasks or inter-rater reliability broken down by factual accuracy—would be needed to rule out that the automatic benchmarks simply penalize distribution shift.

Authors: We agree that additional controls would strengthen the interpretation. The current evidence comes from the consistent pattern where imitation models match ChatGPT on human ratings for instruction following but lag on automatic metrics for factual and reasoning tasks. To address this, we will incorporate factuality-specific probes (e.g., using datasets like TruthfulQA) and analyze performance on high- versus low-coverage tasks in the revision. For inter-rater reliability, we will report breakdowns by task type if the data permits, to show that raters are consistent on stylistic aspects but the gaps appear in objective measures. We maintain that the automatic benchmarks are standard and not merely penalizing distribution shift, as the base models and imitation models are evaluated under the same conditions. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: empirical comparisons on held-out tasks are self-contained

full rationale

The paper conducts direct experimental finetuning of open LMs on imitation data from ChatGPT and evaluates performance gaps using crowd ratings and canonical NLP benchmarks on tasks not heavily supported in the data. No mathematical derivations, equations, or first-principles predictions are present that could reduce to fitted inputs by construction. The central claim rests on observable discrepancies between base models, imitation models, and the target, with no self-citation chains or ansatzes invoked to justify uniqueness or force results. This is a standard empirical study self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the validity of crowd-sourced ratings as an initial quality signal and on the assumption that tasks outside the imitation data distribution are representative of general capabilities.

free parameters (1)

imitation data volume
Varied experimentally from 0.3M to 150M tokens to test scaling behavior.

axioms (1)

domain assumption Crowd worker ratings on instruction following provide a meaningful initial signal of model quality
The paper first reports positive crowd ratings before introducing automatic evaluations.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5843 in / 1254 out tokens · 63564 ms · 2026-05-18T06:49:53.207839+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

Foundation.DimensionForcing dimension_forced unclear

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unclear
Relation between the paper passage and the cited Recognition theorem.

model imitation is a false promise: there exists a substantial capabilities gap between open and closed LMs that, with current methods, can only be bridged using an unwieldy amount of imitation data or by using more capable base LMs

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matches: The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports: The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends: The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
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