Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

As of 12 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 0 of 0 outbound references and 18 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2310.17623.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2310.17623 v2

Coverage vector

measured 0 of 0 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 18 of 18 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00

measured 18 of 18 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-12T00:04:55.376776Z

measured 1 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z

Reference resolution

0 of 0 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy0
unresolved0
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

5
arxiv_reference, observed 2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z

Outbound references

No outbound reference observations are available for this paper version.

Pith citing papers

Observation aac2b93c-33af-42fd-9be3-c62381b806c8 · inbound

Bridging Language and Items for Retrieval and Recommendation: Benchmarking LLMs as Semantic Encoders cites this paper.

Bridging Language and Items for Retrieval and Recommendation: Benchmarking LLMs as Semantic Encoders Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

Reference 31

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-24T03:05:56.957841Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 9cfa3985-199b-47ea-85c2-b13326b0d4d0 · inbound

LiveBench: A Challenging, Contamination-Limited LLM Benchmark cites this paper.

LiveBench: A Challenging, Contamination-Limited LLM Benchmark Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

Reference 29

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-15T04:48:26.469976Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 46758629-71e8-4b08-a4df-f06569258c15 · inbound

The Vulnerability of Language Model Benchmarks: Do They Accurately Reflect True LLM Performance? cites this paper.

The Vulnerability of Language Model Benchmarks: Do They Accurately Reflect True LLM Performance? Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T00:04:55.376776Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 09bf5eeb-7e7e-414f-a8c6-e6df7b607cf0 · inbound

LeakAgent: RL-based Red-teaming Agent for LLM Privacy Leakage cites this paper.

LeakAgent: RL-based Red-teaming Agent for LLM Privacy Leakage Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T20:30:10.273799Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ff05ac5e-4b84-4abe-bf3a-d3bf79d327ac · inbound

AntiLeakBench: Preventing Data Contamination by Automatically Constructing Benchmarks with Updated Real-World Knowledge cites this paper.

AntiLeakBench: Preventing Data Contamination by Automatically Constructing Benchmarks with Updated Real-World Knowledge Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:58:02.141431Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c2f3c6fd-1ea6-42c7-93a5-4daaccee9f63 · inbound

Overestimation in LLM Evaluation: A Controlled Large-Scale Study on Data Contamination's Impact on Machine Translation cites this paper.

Overestimation in LLM Evaluation: A Controlled Large-Scale Study on Data Contamination's Impact on Machine Translation Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T22:35:45.117286Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5c32f891-3e89-45c4-b64b-937f3bcb1067 · inbound

Spectral Journey: How Transformers Predict the Shortest Path cites this paper.

Spectral Journey: How Transformers Predict the Shortest Path Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T23:44:10.838810Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1d03e316-85ff-4de6-9ea5-989c62c52be0 · inbound

Winter Soldier: Backdooring Language Models at Pre-Training with Indirect Data Poisoning cites this paper.

Winter Soldier: Backdooring Language Models at Pre-Training with Indirect Data Poisoning Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T00:16:19.161532Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1ebef60e-02ce-4974-88e8-e1b3732d9cd9 · inbound

AnalogFed: Privacy-Preserving Discovery of Analog Circuits at Scale with Federated Generative AI cites this paper.

AnalogFed: Privacy-Preserving Discovery of Analog Circuits at Scale with Federated Generative AI Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T15:46:51.772651Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9d5f236f-2fa0-4c09-9b91-3952121237e2 · inbound

Empirical Evidence of Complexity-Induced Limits in Large Language Models on Finite Discrete State-Space Problems with Explicit Validity Constraints cites this paper.

Empirical Evidence of Complexity-Induced Limits in Large Language Models on Finite Discrete State-Space Problems with Explicit Validity Constraints Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

Reference 48

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-10T14:15:29.379804Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 766a0e8b-f878-4ff2-af4c-2d15b870a944 · inbound

SPENCE: A Syntactic Probe for Detecting Contamination in NL2SQL Benchmarks cites this paper.

SPENCE: A Syntactic Probe for Detecting Contamination in NL2SQL Benchmarks Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

Reference 12

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-10T04:45:21.220860Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 6c932fc7-89e8-471e-9157-f2d3fe42e545 · inbound

Dataset Watermarking for Closed LLMs with Provable Detection cites this paper.

Dataset Watermarking for Closed LLMs with Provable Detection Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

Reference 13

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T05:00:57.294124Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation d31c1837-ca49-4caf-a2a3-d9d96da1dc5e · inbound

Data Contamination in Neural Hieroglyphic Translation: A Reproducibility Study cites this paper.

Data Contamination in Neural Hieroglyphic Translation: A Reproducibility Study Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

Reference 21

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T04:10:55.459234Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 824532d7-400d-40ed-8919-f33015637cc8 · inbound

Do Androids Dream of Breaking the Game? Systematically Auditing AI Agent Benchmarks with BenchJack cites this paper.

Do Androids Dream of Breaking the Game? Systematically Auditing AI Agent Benchmarks with BenchJack Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

Reference 39

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-14T20:32:56.905072Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 94f875a4-f10d-42f6-9998-136ddd67eb62 · inbound

Interactive Evaluation Requires a Design Science cites this paper.

Interactive Evaluation Requires a Design Science Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

Reference 42

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-20T10:58:14.121307Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 27fcf841-9a4e-44ef-8d5b-7eda51f7cc89 · inbound

Pretraining Data Exposure in Large Language Models: A Survey of Membership Inference, Data Contamination, and Security Implications cites this paper.

Pretraining Data Exposure in Large Language Models: A Survey of Membership Inference, Data Contamination, and Security Implications Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

Reference 41

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-30T17:24:56.592669Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 114e7f20-0f73-4110-a023-6717d66ddf4c · inbound

MC-PDD: Masked Corpus-Level Pretraining Data Detection for Black-Box Large Language Models cites this paper.

MC-PDD: Masked Corpus-Level Pretraining Data Detection for Black-Box Large Language Models Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

Reference 12

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-02T20:57:23.345069Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation f10255f9-bef7-4875-8408-e3c823662b4e · inbound

Temporal Leakage in LLM Backtesting: Measurement, Validation, and Adjusted Scores cites this paper.

Temporal Leakage in LLM Backtesting: Measurement, Validation, and Adjusted Scores Proving Test Set Contamination in Black Box Language Models

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T04:31:04.382539Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.