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arxiv: 2511.07224 · v2 · submitted 2025-11-10 · ✦ hep-ph · hep-ex

Bridging the divide: axion searches and axino phenomenology at colliders

Gabe Hoshino , Kristin Dona , Keisuke Harigaya , David W. Miller , Jan T. Offermann , Bianca Pol , Benjamin Rosser This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-17 23:34 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph hep-ex
keywords axionaxinosupersymmetryLHCdisplaced decaysDFSZ modelhiggsinophenomenology
0
0 comments X

The pith

LHC with 140 fb^{-1} can probe axion decay constants below 10^{11} GeV for higgsino masses below 1 TeV.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines a supersymmetric extension of the standard model that includes axions and their superpartner, the axino. It focuses on the supersymmetric DFSZ axion model, where the axino couples directly to the Higgs sector at tree level. In scenarios with conserved R-parity, this leads to displaced decays of heavier neutralinos—mostly higgsino next-to-lightest supersymmetric particles—into lighter, mostly axino states. Monte Carlo simulations of these processes, combined with detector modeling, indicate that the LHC can set meaningful limits on the axion decay constant in this range using existing data. A reader would care because this provides a collider-based test of axion models that solve the strong CP problem and serve as dark matter candidates, offering reach that complements astrophysical and direct detection methods.

Core claim

In the supersymmetric DFSZ axion model with R-parity conservation, the axino possesses tree-level couplings to the Higgs sector. This enables displaced decays of mostly higgsino next-to-lightest supersymmetric particles into mostly axino lightest supersymmetric particles. Simulations produced with MadGraph and analyzed in the MadAnalysis5 framework demonstrate that for higgsino masses below 1 TeV the axion decay constant below 10^{11} GeV can be probed by the LHC with an integrated luminosity of 140 fb^{-1}.

What carries the argument

Displaced decays of mostly higgsino NLSP states into mostly axino LSP states, driven by tree-level axino couplings to the Higgs sector in the supersymmetric DFSZ model.

If this is right

  • Collider experiments can set limits on axion decay constants that are complementary to those from direct detection and astrophysical observations.
  • Existing LHC datasets already suffice to explore part of the parameter space in supersymmetric DFSZ axion models.
  • Supersymmetric axion scenarios become accessible to study with current collider facilities rather than requiring future machines.
  • The approach opens a path to broader collider searches for other supersymmetric axion realizations.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Non-observation in such searches would tighten bounds on the allowed range of axion decay constants in these models.
  • Higher-luminosity LHC runs could extend sensitivity to larger higgsino masses or higher values of the decay constant.
  • Analogous displaced-decay analyses might be applied to axino production in other supersymmetric extensions beyond the DFSZ case.

Load-bearing premise

The next-to-lightest supersymmetric particle is mostly higgsino-like and undergoes a displaced decay into a mostly axino lightest supersymmetric particle.

What would settle it

A dedicated LHC search for displaced vertices arising from neutralino decays to axinos that observes no excess events in the signal region for higgsino masses below 1 TeV and fa below 10^{11} GeV would show the claimed sensitivity does not hold.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2511.07224 by Benjamin Rosser, Bianca Pol, David W. Miller, Gabe Hoshino, Jan T. Offermann, Keisuke Harigaya, Kristin Dona.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: and Eq. (9) show the scaling of the NLSP lifetime, cτ , with the square of fa and with the inverse of the cube of mχ˜ 0 1 , resulting in a significant fraction of parameter space that yields potentially detectable signatures at the LHC. After electroweak symmetry breaking, the axino shares the same charges of the unbroken symmetries as the neutralinos of the MSSM which allows for mixing between the neutral… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2: Feynman diagrams showing chargino-neutralino or neutralino-neutralino pair production from a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3: Distributions of the decay length ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4: Distributions of leading jet transverse momentum for different model parameters. These distributions are [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5: Distributions of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6: Event yield contours in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7: Determination of the allowed parameter space in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8: Projected sensitivity of a collider-based search for DFSZ axinos in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_8.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We discuss a phenomenological model that extends the minimal supersymmetric standard model to contain axions and their supersymmetric partner, the axino. In the supersymmetric DFSZ axion model, the axino has tree level couplings to the higgs sector. In the case where $R$-parity is conserved, collider experiments may be sensitive to displaced decays of heavier neutralino states into lighter, mostly axino states. We present a sensitivity analysis using a model in which mostly higgsino next-to-lightest supersymmetric particle states decay into a mostly axino lightest supersymmetric particle. The model is studied using Monte Carlo simulation produced using $\texttt{MadGraph}$ and estimates of experimental sensitivities to the model, including detector simulation and kinematic selections, are evaluated using the $\texttt{MadAnalysis5}$ framework. For a higgsino mass below 1 TeV, the axion decay constant below $f_{a} < 10^{11}$ GeV can be effectively probed by the Large Hadron Collider with an integrated luminosity of 140 fb$^{-1}$. This work demonstrates that supersymmetric DFSZ axion models can be studied with existing collider experiments, offering complementary sensitivity to direct-detection and astrophysical searches and paving the way for broader exploration of supersymmetric axion scenarios.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript extends the MSSM with the supersymmetric DFSZ axion model, introducing an axino as a possible LSP. It focuses on R-parity conserving scenarios in which a mostly-higgsino NLSP undergoes displaced decays to a mostly-axino LSP. Monte Carlo events are generated with MadGraph and passed through MadAnalysis5 for detector simulation and kinematic selections on displaced vertices. The central claim is that, for higgsino masses below 1 TeV and 140 fb^{-1} of integrated luminosity, the LHC can probe axion decay constants fa below 10^{11} GeV, offering complementary sensitivity to direct-detection and astrophysical searches.

Significance. If the simulation chain proves reliable, the result would establish a concrete collider handle on supersymmetric axion models in a parameter region that is only weakly constrained by other methods. The emphasis on displaced vertices tied to the fa-dependent lifetime is a clear strength, as is the explicit use of tree-level DFSZ couplings. The work illustrates how existing LHC data can be repurposed for axino phenomenology.

major comments (1)
  1. [Sensitivity analysis] Sensitivity analysis (results section): The quoted reach fa < 10^{11} GeV for m_higgsino < 1 TeV at 140 fb^{-1} is obtained from MadGraph + MadAnalysis5 modeling of displaced-vertex efficiencies and backgrounds. No data-driven validation, comparison to alternative generators, or systematic uncertainty breakdown for low-pT displaced tracks and fake vertices is presented; an O(1) shift in either signal efficiency or background yield would directly rescale the fa limit.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract and model description should state the assumed NLSP-LSP mass splitting and the precise higgsino-axino mixing angles used in the event generation.
  2. [Introduction] A short comparison table or plot showing how the projected limit compares with existing ATLAS/CMS displaced-SUSY searches would improve context.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading of the manuscript and for the positive assessment of its significance. The comment on the sensitivity analysis is well taken, and we agree that additional discussion of methodological limitations and uncertainties would improve the presentation. We have revised the results section accordingly while maintaining that the Monte Carlo approach provides a reasonable first estimate of the reach.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Sensitivity analysis (results section): The quoted reach fa < 10^{11} GeV for m_higgsino < 1 TeV at 140 fb^{-1} is obtained from MadGraph + MadAnalysis5 modeling of displaced-vertex efficiencies and backgrounds. No data-driven validation, comparison to alternative generators, or systematic uncertainty breakdown for low-pT displaced tracks and fake vertices is presented; an O(1) shift in either signal efficiency or background yield would directly rescale the fa limit.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the analysis relies on Monte Carlo simulation without data-driven validation, as the proposed signal has not been observed. MadGraph and MadAnalysis5 are standard tools for such phenomenological studies, and the displaced-vertex selections follow established techniques from existing LHC searches for long-lived particles. In the revised manuscript we have added a dedicated paragraph in the results section discussing possible systematic effects on low-pT track reconstruction and fake-vertex rates, estimating an O(1) uncertainty on signal efficiency. We also include a brief comparison note with alternative generators (e.g., Pythia) for a subset of benchmark points. While these additions do not eliminate all modeling uncertainties, they clarify the robustness of the quoted reach and show that even with a factor-of-two degradation the LHC would still probe fa values below 10^{11} GeV for higgsino masses below 1 TeV. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: sensitivity reach obtained from external Monte Carlo simulation chain

full rationale

The paper performs a Monte Carlo sensitivity study by generating events in MadGraph for a mostly-higgsino NLSP decaying to a mostly-axino LSP in the supersymmetric DFSZ model, then processing them through MadAnalysis5 for detector simulation and kinematic selections on displaced vertices. The quoted reach (fa < 10^11 GeV for m_higgsino < 1 TeV at 140 fb^{-1}) is the direct numerical output of this simulation pipeline under stated assumptions about lifetimes, efficiencies, and backgrounds; it does not reduce any prediction to a fitted parameter or prior self-citation by construction. No equations, ansatze, or uniqueness theorems are invoked that would make the result tautological with the inputs. The analysis is therefore self-contained against external benchmarks and receives the default non-circularity finding.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 2 axioms · 1 invented entities

The claim rests on the standard supersymmetric DFSZ axion framework and R-parity conservation, with model parameters such as higgsino mass and fa treated as inputs for the sensitivity scan rather than derived quantities.

free parameters (2)
  • higgsino mass
    Varied below 1 TeV as the mass of the NLSP in the sensitivity study.
  • axion decay constant fa
    Scanned below 10^11 GeV to determine the reach of the collider search.
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption R-parity is conserved
    Ensures the axino is stable and can serve as the LSP with displaced decays from the NLSP.
  • domain assumption Tree-level axino couplings to the Higgs sector in the supersymmetric DFSZ model
    Provides the interaction allowing neutralino decays to axinos.
invented entities (1)
  • axino no independent evidence
    purpose: Supersymmetric partner of the axion serving as the lightest supersymmetric particle
    Introduced as part of the model extension to enable the collider signature.

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Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

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    ATLAS sets limits on long-lived particles in Higgs Portal, SUSY, and DFSZ axino models via displaced-vertex searches with new fuzzy reconstruction and muon-trigger techniques in Run 2 and Run 3 data.

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