arxiv: 2604.14302 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-15 · 💻 cs.CV

Recognition: unknown

Geometrically Consistent Multi-View Scene Generation from Freehand Sketches

Ahmed Bourouis , Savas Ozkan , Andrea Maracani , Yi-Zhe Song , Mete Ozay

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 13:20 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.CV

keywords multi-view scene generationfreehand sketchesgeometric consistencydiffusion modelscamera-aware attentioncorrespondence supervisionstructure-from-motionscene synthesis

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The pith

A single freehand sketch generates geometrically consistent multi-view scenes in one denoising step.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper tries to establish that freehand sketches, which are abstract and spatially distorted, can still produce multiple geometrically consistent views of a scene. It does so by constructing a dataset of roughly nine thousand sketch-to-multi-view pairs and adding two components to a video diffusion model: adapters that embed camera geometry knowledge and a loss that supervises sparse 3D point matches. A sympathetic reader would care because this removes the usual need for photographs, text prompts, reference images, or per-scene optimization, turning a quick drawing into usable multi-view output.

Core claim

Our framework synthesizes all views in a single denoising process without requiring reference images, iterative refinement, or per-scene optimization. It addresses absent training data, geometric reasoning from distorted input, and cross-view consistency with a curated dataset of ~9k sketch-to-multiview samples, Parallel Camera-Aware Attention Adapters (CA3) that inject geometric inductive biases into the video transformer, and a Sparse Correspondence Supervision Loss (CSL) derived from Structure-from-Motion reconstructions. The approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art two-stage baselines.

What carries the argument

Parallel Camera-Aware Attention Adapters (CA3) that inject geometric inductive biases into the video transformer, together with Sparse Correspondence Supervision Loss (CSL) derived from Structure-from-Motion reconstructions.

If this is right

The method improves realism by over 60% in FID compared with two-stage baselines.
Geometric consistency rises by 23% in the Corr-Acc metric.
Inference runs up to 3.7 times faster by avoiding iterative refinement and per-scene optimization.
All views are produced simultaneously without reference images or extra stages.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The single-pass design could be tested for extending to time-consistent video generation from sketch sequences.
Similar camera-aware adapters might transfer to other low-information inputs such as rough diagrams in architecture or product design.
If the consistency generalizes, the technique could lower the barrier for casual users to create 3D scene assets without multi-view capture.

Load-bearing premise

The automated generation and filtering pipeline for the ~9k sketch-to-multiview dataset produces data that faithfully represents real freehand sketches and their geometric distortions.

What would settle it

Evaluating the model on an independent collection of real human freehand sketches and measuring whether the generated views achieve the reported Corr-Acc gains or permit accurate SfM reconstructions would settle the geometric-consistency claim.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.14302 by Ahmed Bourouis, Andrea Maracani, Mete Ozay, Savas Ozkan, Yi-Zhe Song.

**Figure 1.** Figure 1: Sketch-to-Multi-View generation. Given a single freehand sketch and a text caption, our method generates geometrically consistent multi-view images spanning a full 360◦ azimuth orbit at four different elevations. Top three rows: in-domain examples from FS-COCO [9]. Bottom two rows: zero-shot generalisation to unseen sketch domains (TU-Berlin [11] and InstantStyle [43]). We define this task as Sketch-to-Mu… view at source ↗

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Method overview. (a) A freehand sketch is encoded then denoised by a video DiT augmented with our CA3. All N views are generated in a single forward denoising process. (b) Each DiT block contains a self-attention with LoRa and a parallel CA3 to inject relative camera geometry. (c) During training, SfM correspondences from pseudo ground-truth views supervise the CA3 query–key projections via a sparse InfoNC… view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: S2WV dataset generation pipeline. (a) Multi-seed image generation from sketch and caption. (b) Segmentation of sketch and generated images. (c) Best seed selection via mIoU. (d) Multi-view synthesis from the selected image. (e) Dataset curation yields 9,222 samples. More details in Sec. 3.2 by maximizing the mean Intersection-over-Union (mIoU) between the sketch segmentation masks Ms and the image segment… view at source ↗

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: SfM correspondences across views. Each correspondence image shows two views with colored lines connecting matched keypoints identified by Structure-fromMotion (COLMAP). The view angles (azimuth, elevation) for each pair are indicated above the correspondence visualizations. These correspondences serve as supervision targets for our camera-aware attention adapters (Sec. 3.4). 3.4 Correspondence Supervision… view at source ↗

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Qualitative comparison of multi-view generation from sketches. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_5.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: Attention correspondence visualisation. Query pixel (red dot) in the front view; heatmaps show attention at layer 20 over three target viewpoints. Left: with correspondence supervision. Right: without (ablation Tab. 2 row b). Per-view PSNR remains competitive (12.198), but FID more than doubles (42.54 vs. 18.49) and Corr-Acc degrades to 0.174, confirming that preserving view identity through the VAE bottle… view at source ↗

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: Generalisation to unseen sketch domains. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_7.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: Additional qualitative comparison. Same format as [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_8.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 9.** Figure 9: Additional qualitative comparison. Same format as [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_9.png] view at source ↗

read the original abstract

We tackle a new problem: generating geometrically consistent multi-view scenes from a single freehand sketch. Freehand sketches are the most geometrically impoverished input one could offer a multi-view generator. They convey scene intent through abstract strokes while introducing spatial distortions that actively conflict with any consistent 3D interpretation. No prior method attempts this; existing multi-view approaches require photographs or text, while sketch-to-3D methods need multiple views or costly per-scene optimisation. We address three compounding challenges; absent training data, the need for geometric reasoning from distorted 2D input, and cross-view consistency, through three mutually reinforcing contributions: (i) a curated dataset of $\sim$9k sketch-to-multiview samples, constructed via an automated generation and filtering pipeline; (ii) Parallel Camera-Aware Attention Adapters (CA3) that inject geometric inductive biases into the video transformer; and (iii) a Sparse Correspondence Supervision Loss (CSL) derived from Structure-from-Motion reconstructions. Our framework synthesizes all views in a single denoising process without requiring reference images, iterative refinement, or per-scene optimization. Our approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art two-stage baselines, improving realism (FID) by over 60% and geometric consistency (Corr-Acc) by 23%, while providing up to a 3.7$\times$ inference speedup.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

This paper carves out single freehand sketch to multi-view generation with a new dataset, camera adapters, and correspondence loss, but the gains rest on whether the automated sketches match real drawing distortions.

read the letter

This paper opens up single freehand sketch to geometrically consistent multi-view scene generation. No earlier work tried this exact setting, and they back it with a new dataset plus targeted changes to a diffusion model. They contribute three pieces that fit together: an automated pipeline for roughly 9k sketch-to-multi-view pairs, Parallel Camera-Aware Attention Adapters that add geometric biases into the transformer, and a Sparse Correspondence Supervision Loss based on SfM. The model generates all views in one denoising step, which cuts out reference images or iterative fixes. On their metrics it beats two-stage baselines by a wide margin on realism and consistency while running faster. The approach makes sense for handling the abstract, distorted nature of sketches. Adding camera awareness and correspondence supervision directly targets the geometric poverty of the input. The weakest part is still the data. Their sketches come from an automated generation and filtering process, which probably starts from clean 3D renders. Real freehand sketches often break perspective in ways that automated ones do not, so the reported gains in Corr-Acc could shrink when people draw with actual irregularities. The abstract mentions quantitative improvements but gives little on how they validated the dataset against real sketches or ran ablations on the adapters and loss. Without those checks, it's difficult to know if the consistency is truly learned or partly an artifact of easier training data. This work targets researchers in sketch-based modeling and multi-view synthesis. Anyone looking at ways to make generative models work with minimal 2D input will find the setup relevant. It deserves a full referee process because the problem is new and the technical contributions are concrete, even if the current evidence needs more grounding on the data side. I would send it to peer review. The idea has legs, but the experiments need tightening before it can be trusted.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes a method for synthesizing geometrically consistent multi-view scenes from a single freehand sketch. Key contributions include a new dataset of ~9k sketch-to-multiview pairs generated via an automated pipeline, Parallel Camera-Aware Attention Adapters (CA3) to inject geometric biases into a video transformer, and a Sparse Correspondence Supervision Loss (CSL) based on SfM reconstructions. The framework performs all views in a single denoising process and claims substantial improvements over two-stage baselines: >60% better FID, 23% better Corr-Acc, and up to 3.7× faster inference.

Significance. If the central assumptions hold, particularly regarding the dataset's representation of real freehand distortions, this paper would make a notable contribution to the field of sketch-based multi-view generation by enabling efficient, consistent synthesis without iterative optimization or reference images. The emphasis on handling geometric distortions through inductive biases and supervision is valuable for practical applications in design and visualization.

major comments (2)

The construction of the ~9k dataset via automated generation and filtering is load-bearing for the claims of handling 'geometrically impoverished' freehand sketches. The manuscript should include quantitative or qualitative analysis demonstrating that the pipeline's outputs exhibit the irregular distortions and conflicting perspective cues characteristic of actual human freehand drawings, rather than more consistent geometry from 3D model renders. Without this, the reported gains in geometric consistency (Corr-Acc) may not translate to real-world freehand inputs.
The quantitative results reported in the abstract lack supporting details such as error bars, standard deviations, or ablation studies on the individual contributions of the CA3 adapters and CSL loss. Additionally, there is no discussion of potential biases in the automated dataset pipeline or verification that the training data matches the distribution of real freehand sketches, which is critical for validating the single-denoising process's effectiveness.

minor comments (1)

The abstract could more explicitly name the state-of-the-art two-stage baselines being compared against to provide better context for the performance claims.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the detailed and constructive comments. We address each major point below and will incorporate revisions to strengthen the presentation of our dataset validation and experimental analysis.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: The construction of the ~9k dataset via automated generation and filtering is load-bearing for the claims of handling 'geometrically impoverished' freehand sketches. The manuscript should include quantitative or qualitative analysis demonstrating that the pipeline's outputs exhibit the irregular distortions and conflicting perspective cues characteristic of actual human freehand drawings, rather than more consistent geometry from 3D model renders. Without this, the reported gains in geometric consistency (Corr-Acc) may not translate to real-world freehand inputs.

Authors: We agree that explicit validation of the distortion characteristics is important for supporting our claims. Our automated pipeline applies randomized stroke simplification, perspective jitter, and edge perturbation steps derived from 3D renders to emulate freehand variability; however, the current manuscript does not include a dedicated comparison. In the revision we will add a new subsection with both qualitative side-by-side examples (our generated sketches versus real freehand drawings from public sources) and quantitative metrics such as average stroke curvature variance and multi-view perspective inconsistency scores. This will directly demonstrate the presence of conflicting geometric cues. revision: yes
Referee: The quantitative results reported in the abstract lack supporting details such as error bars, standard deviations, or ablation studies on the individual contributions of the CA3 adapters and CSL loss. Additionally, there is no discussion of potential biases in the automated dataset pipeline or verification that the training data matches the distribution of real freehand sketches, which is critical for validating the single-denoising process's effectiveness.

Authors: We acknowledge that the reported metrics would benefit from statistical detail and component-wise analysis. The revised manuscript will include error bars and standard deviations computed over multiple random seeds for all FID and Corr-Acc numbers. We will also expand the experiments with dedicated ablations that isolate the contribution of the Parallel Camera-Aware Attention Adapters and the Sparse Correspondence Supervision Loss. In addition, we will insert a discussion of potential pipeline biases (e.g., residual 3D consistency) together with a distributional comparison (feature histograms and Fréchet distance) between our generated sketches and real freehand sketch collections to confirm that the training distribution adequately covers the target domain. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity; derivation relies on external dataset construction and SfM supervision

full rationale

The paper's central claims rest on a newly introduced ~9k sketch-to-multiview dataset built via an automated external pipeline and a Sparse Correspondence Supervision Loss explicitly derived from independent Structure-from-Motion reconstructions. The CA3 adapters and single-pass denoising architecture are presented as novel inductive biases injected into a video transformer, without any reduction to self-definitions, fitted parameters renamed as predictions, or load-bearing self-citations. Performance metrics (FID, Corr-Acc) are benchmarked against separate two-stage baselines rather than tautologically following from the inputs. No ansatzes, uniqueness theorems, or renamings of known results are invoked in a self-referential manner.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the quality of the automatically generated dataset and the effectiveness of the introduced CA3 adapters and CSL loss for enforcing geometric consistency from distorted 2D input.

axioms (1)

domain assumption The automated generation and filtering pipeline produces a dataset of ~9k sketch-to-multiview samples that is representative of real freehand sketches.
Invoked to address the absent training data challenge.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5557 in / 1189 out tokens · 30037 ms · 2026-05-10T13:20:06.169520+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

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