pith. machine review for the scientific record. sign in

arxiv: 2605.07873 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-08 · 🌌 astro-ph.EP

Recognition: no theorem link

HAT-P-70b through the Eyes of MAROON-X: Constraining Elemental Abundances of Metals and Insights on Atmosphere Dynamics

Bibiana Prinoth, Bj\"orn Benneke, Jacob L. Bean, Joost P. Wardenier, Shi Lin Sun, Stefan Pelletier, Valentina Vaulato, Vivien Parmentier, Yayaati Chachan

Pith reviewed 2026-05-11 02:47 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.EP
keywords ultra-hot Jupitershigh-resolution spectroscopyatmospheric retrievalselemental abundancesthermal ionizationnickel enrichmenttransmission spectraHAT-P-70b
0
0 comments X

The pith

Accounting for thermal ionization in HAT-P-70b retrievals brings most metal abundance ratios closer to solar values while revealing nickel enrichment.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines high-resolution transmission spectra of the ultra-hot Jupiter HAT-P-70b to detect fourteen neutral and ionized metal species and to retrieve their relative abundances. It demonstrates that simpler retrievals that ignore ionization produce biased ratios for highly ionizable elements such as calcium and titanium, whereas models that incorporate equilibrium chemistry and thermal ionization generally shift those ratios nearer to solar-like expectations. A clear nickel enrichment stands out even after the correction, and blueshifted line signals indicate day-to-night winds of several kilometers per second. Readers would care because ultra-hot Jupiters expose atmospheres to temperatures where metals ionize readily, so accurate modeling choices directly shape what we conclude about their bulk composition and dynamics.

Core claim

Cross-correlation of MAROON-X spectra detects Fe I, Fe II, Ti I, Ca I, Ca II, Cr I, Na I, V I, Mn I, Ni I, Mg I, Ba II, O I, and Sr I, with tentative evidence for H I, Co I, and K I. The absorption features show blueshifts of a few km/s consistent with day-to-night winds. Atmospheric retrievals reveal that a well-mixed approach neglecting ionization strongly biases highly ionizable elements. When equilibrium chemistry and thermal ionization are included, most inferred elemental abundance ratios move closer to solar composition, although nickel remains distinctly enriched.

What carries the argument

Atmospheric retrievals that incorporate equilibrium chemistry and thermal ionization to derive elemental abundance ratios from high-resolution cross-correlation signals.

If this is right

  • Abundance ratios for elements such as calcium and titanium shift markedly once ionization is modeled.
  • Most elemental ratios align more closely with solar composition when equilibrium chemistry and thermal ionization are included.
  • Nickel shows a distinct enrichment relative to solar values on HAT-P-70b.
  • Blueshifted absorption signals confirm day-to-night winds of several km/s.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The nickel enrichment may reflect a common process in ultra-hot Jupiter formation or migration that targeted observations of additional planets could test.
  • Applying the same ionization-corrected retrieval framework to other ultra-hot Jupiters would show whether the improved solar-like alignment is typical.
  • Future multi-wavelength data that directly constrain ionization states could validate or refine the wind and chemistry interpretations.

Load-bearing premise

The retrieval models assume the atmosphere is well-mixed and follows equilibrium chemistry with thermal ionization; strong deviations from these conditions would change the corrected abundance ratios and the nickel enrichment claim.

What would settle it

An independent measurement of the ionization fraction or vertical mixing profile in HAT-P-70b's atmosphere that deviates substantially from the equilibrium well-mixed assumption used in the retrievals.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.07873 by Bibiana Prinoth, Bj\"orn Benneke, Jacob L. Bean, Joost P. Wardenier, Shi Lin Sun, Stefan Pelletier, Valentina Vaulato, Vivien Parmentier, Yayaati Chachan.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Data detrending steps. A. A single MA￾ROON-X spectral order for the transit time series obtained on 24 December 2023. B. After outlier correction and con￾tinuum alignment. C. After dividing out the polynomial fit to the median out-of-transit. D. After PCA removal (first 5 components) of remaining stellar and telluric resid￾uals. At this stage, the data contains the faint planetary trace as well as the Ross… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Cross-Correlation time series of 2 transits [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Kp – Vsys maps for species which we claim a detection or a tentative detection in HAT-P-70b’s atmosphere with 2 transits from the MAROON-X spectrograph. White dashed lines indicate the expected position of the signal, assuming a symmetric planet with a static atmosphere. Peaks of the cross-correlation function are shown as white regions near the expected position. The peaks show a slight offset in Vsys, in… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Similar as Figure [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Retrieved elemental abundances of metal species of interest using a free retrieval prescription. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Comparison of the retrieved elemental abundances with the free and chemical equilibrium prescrip [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Retrieved [Ti/Fe] (top) and [Ti/V] (bot [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_7.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs) are exceptional laboratories for studying planetary atmospheres under extreme irradiation conditions. With close-in tidally locked orbits, these planets can have daysides hot enough for metals to be significantly ionized while still maintaining nightsides cold enough for refractory species to potentially condense. We present an analysis of the ultra-hot Jupiter HAT-P-70b taken with the MAROON-X high-resolution spectrograph. Using cross-correlations, we detect 14 neutral and singly ionized species, including Fe I, Fe II, Ti I, Ca I, Ca II, Cr I, Na I, V I, Mn I, Ni I, Mg I, Ba II, O I, and Sr I, with tentative evidence for H I, Co I, and K I. The absorption signals exhibit blueshifts on the order of a few $\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$, consistent with day-to-night winds. We further constrain relative abundances with atmospheric retrievals and demonstrate that some inferred elemental abundance ratios depend strongly on modeling assumptions. In particular, we show that a well-mixed retrieval approach neglecting ionization can strongly bias highly ionizable elements such as Ca and Ti. Accounting for the effects of equilibrium chemistry and thermal ionization generally results in inferred elemental abundance ratios that are closer to expectations for a solar-like composition, although not in all cases. Interestingly, we find a distinct nickel enrichment on HAT-P-70b, adding to the growing number of UHJ studies where the Ni abundance is seemingly enhanced. Our results underline the importance of considering physical and chemical atmospheric processes such as ionization when interpreting high-resolution transmission spectra of UHJs.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper reports MAROON-X high-resolution transmission spectroscopy of the ultra-hot Jupiter HAT-P-70b, with cross-correlation detections of 14 neutral and singly ionized species (Fe I/II, Ti I, Ca I/II, etc.) showing blueshifted signals consistent with day-to-night winds. Atmospheric retrievals are used to constrain elemental abundance ratios; the authors show that neglecting ionization biases highly ionizable elements and that including equilibrium chemistry plus thermal ionization generally brings ratios closer to solar values (though not universally), while reporting a distinct nickel enrichment.

Significance. If robust, the work adds to the sample of UHJ abundance studies by demonstrating the practical impact of ionization on retrieved ratios and flagging a recurring Ni enhancement. The cross-correlation detections themselves are standard and credible; the abundance results, however, rest on retrieval assumptions whose sensitivity the paper itself documents.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract / retrieval section] Abstract and retrieval analysis: the distinct nickel enrichment is presented as a headline result, yet the text states that abundance ratios 'depend strongly on modeling assumptions' and are 'closer to solar... although not in all cases.' No test is shown of whether the Ni posterior remains enhanced when the retrieval is rerun with non-equilibrium chemistry, vertical mixing, or altered temperature structure, which directly affects the reliability of the Ni claim.
  2. [Abstract] The central claim that equilibrium-chemistry + thermal-ionization retrievals yield 'generally' more solar-like ratios is load-bearing for the paper's interpretive conclusion, but the manuscript does not quantify how many ratios move closer to solar, nor does it provide an independent validation (e.g., line-by-line forward modeling or comparison to a second retrieval code) for the Ni enrichment specifically.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Results] Clarify the exact status (detection vs. tentative) for H I, Co I, and K I in the main text and figures.
  2. [Figures] Ensure that cross-correlation S/N maps and K_p–V_sys diagrams are presented with consistent contour levels and that the blueshift values are tabulated for all detected species.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive and detailed review, which helps clarify the robustness of our abundance results. We address each major comment below and describe the revisions we will implement.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract / retrieval section] Abstract and retrieval analysis: the distinct nickel enrichment is presented as a headline result, yet the text states that abundance ratios 'depend strongly on modeling assumptions' and are 'closer to solar... although not in all cases.' No test is shown of whether the Ni posterior remains enhanced when the retrieval is rerun with non-equilibrium chemistry, vertical mixing, or altered temperature structure, which directly affects the reliability of the Ni claim.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the current manuscript does not include explicit retrievals under non-equilibrium chemistry or with vertical mixing. Our analysis is intentionally focused on the impact of thermal ionization within an equilibrium-chemistry framework, as this is the dominant process highlighted by the data for highly ionizable species. The nickel enrichment is reported from the ionization-aware model, and we will add a new subsection discussing how non-equilibrium effects and vertical mixing could in principle alter the Ni posterior (e.g., by changing the ionization balance or vertical distribution). We will also rerun the retrievals with modified temperature structures (e.g., ±200 K shifts) to test the stability of the Ni abundance. Full non-equilibrium chemistry retrievals lie outside the scope of the present work but will be noted as a future direction. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Abstract] The central claim that equilibrium-chemistry + thermal-ionization retrievals yield 'generally' more solar-like ratios is load-bearing for the paper's interpretive conclusion, but the manuscript does not quantify how many ratios move closer to solar, nor does it provide an independent validation (e.g., line-by-line forward modeling or comparison to a second retrieval code) for the Ni enrichment specifically.

    Authors: We agree that a quantitative statement would improve clarity. In the revised manuscript we will add an explicit count (e.g., 'X of the Y elemental ratios move closer to solar values') together with a supplementary table listing the median posterior ratios before and after ionization is included. For the Ni enrichment, we will include a supplementary line-by-line forward-model comparison of the observed cross-correlation signal against models with solar versus enhanced Ni to provide independent support. While we do not have results from a second independent retrieval code, the framework used has been cross-checked against literature benchmarks for similar UHJs; we will expand the methods section to reference these validations. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in the derivation chain

full rationale

The paper reports new MAROON-X observations of HAT-P-70b, performs cross-correlation detections of 14 species directly on the spectra, and infers relative abundances via standard atmospheric retrievals that fit parameters to the observed line profiles under explicit modeling assumptions (well-mixed, equilibrium chemistry, thermal ionization). These steps are data-driven fits rather than derivations that reduce by construction to prior inputs, self-definitions, or self-cited uniqueness theorems. No load-bearing self-citations, ansatzes smuggled via prior work, or renaming of known results appear in the provided text; the nickel-enrichment and solar-like ratio claims are posteriors from the retrieval, with the paper itself noting sensitivity to assumptions. The analysis is self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The abundance constraints rest on atmospheric retrieval models that incorporate equilibrium chemistry and thermal ionization as assumptions; several elemental abundances are fitted parameters whose values shift with those modeling choices.

free parameters (1)
  • elemental abundance ratios
    Fitted within the retrieval framework; the paper shows they change substantially when ionization is included or excluded.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Atmosphere is well-mixed and in chemical equilibrium with thermal ionization
    Invoked to correct biases in Ca and Ti abundances and to interpret the overall composition.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5650 in / 1312 out tokens · 31389 ms · 2026-05-11T02:47:27.981700+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

300 extracted references · 300 canonical work pages · 11 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    and Bourrier, V

    Steiner, M. and Bourrier, V. and Ehrenreich, D. and Dethier, W. and Chakraborty, H. and Pelletier, S. and Lendl, M. and Akinsanmi, B. and Allart, R. and Almenara, J. M. and Cristiani, S. and Hernández, J. I. González and Marcantonio, P. D. and Martins, C. J. a. P. and Mishra, L. and Mounzer, D. and Osorio, M. R. Zapatero and Palle, E. and Pepe, F. and Psa...

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555811

  2. [2]

    and Yan, F

    Guo, B. and Yan, F. and Henning, Th and Nortmann, L. and Stangret, M. and Cont, D. and Pallé, E. and Shulyak, D. and Strassmeier, K. G. and Ilyin, I. and Lesjak, F. and Reiners, A. and Liu, S. and Molaverdikhani, K. and Scandariato, G. and Keles, E. and Caballero, J. A. and Amado, P. J. and Quirrenbach, A. and Ribas, I. and Góngora, S. and Hatzes, A. P. a...

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557869

  3. [3]

    and Gobrecht, D

    Lecoq-Molinos, H. and Gobrecht, D. and Sindel, J. P. and Helling, Ch and Decin, L. , month = oct, year =. Vanadium oxide clusters in substellar atmospheres -. Astronomy & Astrophysics , publisher =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347693 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347693

  4. [4]

    and Smith, Peter C

    Sanchez, Jorge A. and Smith, Peter C. B. and Kanumalla, Krishna and Welbanks, Luis and Line, Michael R. and Pelletier, Stefan and Desch, Steven and Young, Patrick and Patience, Jennifer and Bean, Jacob and Brogi, Matteo and Jaffe, Dan and Mace, Gregory N. and Mansfield, Megan Weiner and Panwar, Vatsal and Parmentier, Vivien and Pino, Lorenzo and Savel, Ar...

    work page doi:10.1038/s41467-026-69610-x

  5. [5]

    Weisserman, Drew and Gromek, Nicole and Cloutier, Ryan and Bali, Komal and Cadieux, Charles and Plotnykov, Mykhaylo and L'Heureux, Alexandrine and Srivastava, Avidaan and Carmona, Andres and Frensch, Yolanda G. C. and Artigau, Étienne and Baron, Frédérique and Barros, Susana C. C. and Benneke, Björn and Bonfils, Xavier and Bouchy, François and Bryan, Mart...

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.07447

  6. [6]

    GEMS JWST: HATS-75 b -- A giant planet with a sub-solar metallicity atmosphere orbiting an M-dwarf

    Ashtari, Reza and Lustig-Yaeger, Jacob and Libby-Roberts, Jessica and Müller, Simon and Kanodia, Shubham and Stevenson, Kevin B. and Cañas, Caleb I. and Caloca, Giannina Guzmán and Wallack, Nicole L. and Delamer, Megan and Piette, Anjali A. A. and Mahadevan, Suvrath and Czekala, Ian and Han, Te and Helled, Ravit , month = apr, year =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2...

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.07268

  7. [7]

    Chemical Abundances Shape History (CASH). I. A Link between Giant Planets Orbital Periods and Host Stellar C/O Ratios

    Zhang, Ruisheng and Xie, Ji-Wei and Pan, Mengrui and Liu, Beibei and Zhou, Ji-Lin and Wang, Ji and Wang, Haiyang S. and Zhang, Yapeng , month = apr, year =. Chemical. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2604.06809 , abstract =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.06809

  8. [8]

    and Thorngren, Daniel P

    Yu, Xinting and Glein, Christopher R. and Thorngren, Daniel P. and Murray, David F. , month = apr, year =. Unusually. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2604.01672 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.01672

  9. [9]

    Gas Giants Formed by Gravitational Instability May Accrete Atmospheres with Super-Stellar Carbon to Oxygen Ratios

    Boss, Alan P. , month = apr, year =. Gas. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2604.05178 , abstract =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.05178

  10. [10]

    Super-Solar Metallicity and Tentative Evidence for Photochemistry on WASP-96b from JWST and Ground-Based VLT Transmission Spectroscopy

    Radica, Michael and Taylor, Jake and Rotman, Yoav and Blecic, Jasmina and Welbanks, Luis and Ahrer, Eva-Maria and Christie, Duncan and Coulombe, Louis-Philippe and Lowry, Gillis and Murphy, Matthew M. and Feinstein, Adina D. and Lafreniere, David and MacDonald, Ryan J. and Mayne, Nathan J. and Tsai, Shang-Min and Zamyatina, Maria , month = apr, year =. Su...

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.05049

  11. [11]

    and Min, M

    Heinke, L. and Min, M. and Bouwman, J. and Crouzet, N. and Konings, T. and Decin, L. and Waters, L. B. F. M. and Lagage, P.-O. and Henning, T. and Palmer, P. I. and Edwards, B. and Pye, J. P. and Güdel, M. and Absil, O. and Barrado, D. and Cossou, C. and Glasse, A. and Glauser, A. M. and Östlin, G. and Whiteford, N. and Ray, T. P. , month = apr, year =. I...

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.01219

  12. [12]

    and Chakrabarti, Sandip K and Bhowmick, D

    Biswas, Shraddha and Jiang, Ing-Guey and Yeh, Li-Chin and Liu, Hsin-Min and Parthasarathy, Kaviya and Bisht, D. and Chakrabarti, Sandip K and Bhowmick, D. and Bisht, Mohit Singh and Raj, A. and Martin, Bryan E. and Yadav, R. K. S. and Rangwal, Geeta , month = mar, year =. Revisiting the. The Astronomical Journal , publisher =. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ae4c86...

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ae4c86

  13. [13]

    2026 , pages =

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , author =. 2026 , pages =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf2201 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staf2201 2026

  14. [14]

    High-resolution spectroscopic atmospheric studies of 5 hot

    Jiang, Zewen and Wang, Wei and Jia, Shumei and Shi, Yaqing and Yan, Fei and Zhou, Li and Zou, Qianyi and Ma, Xiang and Huang, Yue , month = mar, year =. High-resolution spectroscopic atmospheric studies of 5 hot. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2603.21273 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.21273

  15. [15]

    doi:10.48550/arXiv.2602.23364 , abstract =

    Gillis, Erik and Cloutier, Ryan and Pass, Emily , month = feb, year =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2602.23364 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23364

  16. [16]

    and Claringbold, Alastair B

    Fairman, Charlotte and Wakeford, Hannah R. and Claringbold, Alastair B. and Kirk, James and Ahrer, Eva-Maria and Thorngren, Daniel and Tsai, Shang-Min and Booth, R. A. and Penzlin, Anna B. T. and Alderson, Lili and Christie, Duncan A. and López-Morales, M. and Mayne, N. J. and Meech, Annabella and Owen, James E. and Panwar, Vatsal and Valentine, Daniel an...

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.18332

  17. [17]

    and Lustig-Yaeger, Jacob and Caloca, Giannina Guzmán and Wallack, Nicole L

    Kanodia, Shubham and Cañas, Caleb I. and Lustig-Yaeger, Jacob and Caloca, Giannina Guzmán and Wallack, Nicole L. and Müller, Simon and Helled, Ravit and Colón, Knicole D. and Czekala, Ian and Delamer, Megan and Han, Te and Libby-Roberts, Jessica and Piette, Anjali A. A. and Stevenson, Kevin B. and Stefansson, Gudmundur and Teske, Johanna , month = mar, ye...

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.16464

  18. [18]

    Murray, C. A. and Garcia, L. and Rackham, B. V. and Berta-Thompson, Z. and Feinstein, A. D. and Mercier, S. J. and Charnay, B. and Hebb, L. and Libby-Roberts, J. E. and Rotman, Y. and Stephens, A. and Timmermans, M. and Welbanks, L. and Barkaoui, K. and Canas, Caleb I. and Delamer, M. and Ducrot, E. and Kanodia, S. and Mahadevan, S. and Ninan, J. P. and W...

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.15414

  19. [19]

    and Rowland, Melanie , month = mar, year =

    Kiefer, Sven and Morley, Caroline V. and Rowland, Melanie , month = mar, year =. Connecting. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2603.13167 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.13167

  20. [20]

    Osborn, Ares and Cloutier, Ryan and Bourrier, Vincent and Skinner, Bennett and Gromek, Nicole and Srivastava, Avidaan and Bouchy, François and Cointepas, Marion and Cook, Neil J. and Nari, Nicola and Almenara, Jose Manuel and Artigau, 'Etienne and Bonfils, Xavier and Cadieux, Charles and Eggenberger, Patrick and L'Heureux, Alexandrine and Baron, Frédériqu...

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.12345

  21. [21]

    Rajkumar, A. R. and Bayo, A. and Peng, P. and Tregloan-Reed, J. and Southworth, J. and Hinse, Tobias C. and Alegre, L. G. and Amadio, F. and Andersen, M. and Bach-Møller, N. and Basilicata, M. and Bonavita, M. and Bozza, V. and Burgdorf, M. J. and Cannon, R. E. and Columba, G. and Dominik, M. and Donaldson, A. and Jaimes, R. Figuera and Fynbo, J. and Hund...

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556822

  22. [22]

    and Visscher, Channon and Gemma, Marina E

    Calamari, Emily and Faherty, Jacqueline K. and Visscher, Channon and Gemma, Marina E. and Rothermich, Austin and Martínez, Francisco Ardévol and Merchan, Sherelyn Alejandro and Suárez, Genaro , month = mar, year =. Bridging the. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae497d , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae497d 2041

  23. [23]

    2024 , pages =

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , author =. 2024 , pages =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1849 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1849 2024

  24. [24]

    and Yurchenko, Sergei N

    Pavlenko, Ya V. and Yurchenko, Sergei N. and McKemmish, Laura K. and Tennyson, Jonathan , month = oct, year =. Analysis of the. Astronomy & Astrophysics , publisher =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037863 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037863

  25. [25]

    and Dyrek, Achrène and Crouzet, Nicolas , month = mar, year =

    Huang, Helong and Min, Michiel and Ormel, Chris W. and Dyrek, Achrène and Crouzet, Nicolas , month = mar, year =. A. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2603.12047 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.12047

  26. [26]

    2017 , pages =

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , author =. 2017 , pages =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx804 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stx804 2017

  27. [27]

    Hellier, Coel and Anderson, D. R. and Collier-Cameron, A. and Miller, G. R. M. and Queloz, D. and Smalley, B. and Southworth, J. and Triaud, A. H. M. J. , month = mar, year =. The Astrophysical Journal Letters , publisher =. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/730/2/L31 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1088/2041-8205/730/2/l31 2041

  28. [28]

    2026 , pages =

    RAS Techniques and Instruments , author =. 2026 , pages =. doi:10.1093/rasti/rzaf065 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1093/rasti/rzaf065 2026

  29. [29]

    Jaworska, K. P. and Hoeijmakers, H. J. , month = mar, year =. Exocomets of \ β\. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2603.05600 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.05600

  30. [30]

    Jones, K. D. and Morris, B. M. and Heng, K. , month = mar, year =. The. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2603.02409 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.02409

  31. [31]

    and Kirk, James and MacDonald, Ryan J

    Espinoza, Néstor and Steinrueck, Maria E. and Kirk, James and MacDonald, Ryan J. and Savel, Arjun B. and Arnold, Kenneth and Kempton, Eliza M.-R. and Murphy, Matthew M. and Carone, Ludmila and Zamyatina, Maria and Lewis, David A. and Samra, Dominic and Kiefer, Sven and Rauscher, Emily and Christie, Duncan and Mayne, Nathan and Helling, Christiane and Rust...

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07768-4

  32. [32]

    , month = may, year =

    Espinoza, Néstor and Perrin, Marshall D. , month = may, year =. Highlights from. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2505.20520 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.20520

  33. [33]

    2023Natur.618...39G Harris, C.R., Millman, K.J., van der Walt, S.J., Gommers, R., Virtanen, P., Cournapeau, D., and, ...: 2020,Nature585,

    Greene, Thomas P. and Bell, Taylor J. and Ducrot, Elsa and Dyrek, Achrène and Lagage, Pierre-Olivier and Fortney, Jonathan J. , month = jun, year =. Thermal emission from the. Nature , publisher =. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05951-7 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05951-7

  34. [34]

    and Kraus, Adam L

    Distler, Adam and Soares-Furtado, Melinda and Mann, Andrew W. and Kraus, Adam L. and Gagné, Jonathan and Becker, Juliette and Narayan, Ritvik Sai and Clark, Max and Vanderburg, Andrew and Rodriguez, Joseph E. and Rogers, Laura K. and Kerr, Ronan , month = mar, year =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2603.01313 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.01313

  35. [35]

    and Madhusudhan, Nikku and Constantinou, Savvas and McCullough, Peter R

    Cheverall, Connor J. and Madhusudhan, Nikku and Constantinou, Savvas and McCullough, Peter R. , month = mar, year =. Ground-based. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2603.02209 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.02209

  36. [36]

    and Sing, David K

    Wakeford, Hannah R. and Sing, David K. and Kataria, Tiffany and Deming, Drake and Nikolov, Nikolay and Lopez, Eric D. and Tremblin, Pascal and Amundsen, David S. and Lewis, Nikole K. and Mandell, Avi M. and Fortney, Jonathan J. and Knutson, Heather and Benneke, Björn and Evans, Thomas M. , month = may, year =. Science , publisher =. doi:10.1126/science.aa...

    work page doi:10.1126/science.aah4668

  37. [37]

    arXiv.org , author =

    Tempawral:. arXiv.org , author =

    work page

  38. [38]

    arXiv.org , author =

    work page

  39. [39]

    arXiv.org , author =

    Exo. arXiv.org , author =

    work page

  40. [40]

    Inhomogeneous magnetic coupling in exoplanets: the stop & go of

    Blöcker, Aljona and Carone, Ludmila and Helling, Christiane , month = feb, year =. Inhomogeneous magnetic coupling in exoplanets: the stop & go of. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2602.18101 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.18101

  41. [41]

    and McGill, Peter and Tilke, Lana J

    Welbanks, Luis and Nixon, Matthew C. and McGill, Peter and Tilke, Lana J. and Wiser, Lindsey S. and Rotman, Yoav and Mukherjee, Sagnick and Feinstein, Adina D. and Line, Michael R. and Benneke, Björn and Seager, Sara and Beatty, Thomas G. and Seligman, Darryl Z. and Parmentier, Vivien and Sing, David K. , month = feb, year =. Challenges in the detection o...

    work page doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02730-4

  42. [42]

    and Doyon, René and Lafrenière, David and Albert, Loïc and Benneke, Björn and Dang, Lisa and Jayawardhana, Ray and Johnstone, Doug and Kaltenegger, Lisa and Langeveld, Adam B

    Krishnamurthy, Vigneshwaran and Carteret, Yann and Piaulet-Ghorayeb, Caroline and Splinter, Jared and Doshi, Dhvani and Radica, Michael and Coulombe, Louis-Philippe and Allart, Romain and Bourrier, Vincent and Cowan, Nicolas B. and Doyon, René and Lafrenière, David and Albert, Loïc and Benneke, Björn and Dang, Lisa and Jayawardhana, Ray and Johnstone, Dou...

    work page doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02710-8

  43. [43]

    and Moranta, Leslie and Doyon, René and Bouchy, François and Delisle, Jean-Baptiste and Nielsen, Louise D

    Lamontagne, Pierrot and Weisserman, Drew and Cadieux, Charles and Lafrenière, David and L’Heureux, Alexandrine and Plotnykov, Mykhaylo and Parc, Léna and Stefanov, Atanas K. and Moranta, Leslie and Doyon, René and Bouchy, François and Delisle, Jean-Baptiste and Nielsen, Louise D. and Curto, Gaspare Lo and Baron, Frédérique and Barros, Susana C. C. and Ben...

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556887

  44. [44]

    and Sánchez-López, A

    Peláez-Torres, A. and Sánchez-López, A. and Jiang, C. and Pallé, E. and Orell-Miquel, J. and López-Puertas, M. and Parker, L. T. and Diamond-Lowe, H. , month = feb, year =. Atmospheric constraints on. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2602.14343 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.14343

  45. [45]

    and Simpson, Anna M

    Wilson, Thomas G. and Simpson, Anna M. and Collier Cameron, Andrew and Cloutier, Ryan and Adibekyan, Vardan and John, Ancy Anna and Alibert, Yann and Stalport, Manu and Egger, Jo Ann and Bonfanti, Andrea and Billot, Nicolas and Guterman, Pascal and Maxted, Pierre F. L. and Simon, Attila E. and Sousa, Sérgio G. and Fridlund, Malcolm and Beck, Mathias and B...

    work page doi:10.1126/science.adl2348

  46. [46]

    , month = feb, year =

    Finnerty, Luke and Kesseli, Aurora and Pearson, Kyle and Beichman, Charles and Fitzgerald, Michael P. , month = feb, year =. Limits on the. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2602.09129 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.09129

  47. [47]

    and Chachan, Yayaati and Kesseli, Aurora and Lee, Eve J

    Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste and Xuan, Jerry W. and Chachan, Yayaati and Kesseli, Aurora and Lee, Eve J. and Beichman, Charles and Hodapp, Klaus and Balmer, William O. and Konopacky, Quinn and Perrin, Marshall D. and Mawet, Dimitri and Knutson, Heather A. and Bryden, Geoffrey and Greene, Thomas P. and Johnstone, Doug and Leisenring, Jarron and Meyer, Michael and...

    work page doi:10.1038/s41550-026-02783-z

  48. [48]

    and Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste and Chachan, Yayaati and Ohno, Kazumasa and Kesseli, Aurora Y

    Xuan, Jerry W. and Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste and Chachan, Yayaati and Ohno, Kazumasa and Kesseli, Aurora Y. and Murray-Clay, Ruth A. and Lee, Eve J. and Moses, Julianne I. and Balmer, William O. and Baburaj, Aneesh and Blake, Geoffrey A. and Johnstone, Doug and Zhang, Yapeng and Knutson, Heather A. and Mawet, Dimitri and Beichman, Charles and Hodapp, Klaus W....

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.09422

  49. [49]

    and Inglis, Julie and Fitzgerald, Michael P

    Finnerty, Luke and Xin, Yinzi and Xuan, Jerry W. and Inglis, Julie and Fitzgerald, Michael P. and Agrawal, Shubh and Baker, Ashley and Bartos, Randall and Blake, Geoffrey A. and Calvin, Benjamin and Cetre, Sylvain and Delorme, Jacques-Robert and Doppmann, Greg and Echeverri, Daniel and Horstman, Katelyn and Hsu, Chih-Chun and Jovanovic, Nemanja and Liberm...

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adce02

  50. [50]

    2018 , note =

    ArXiv e-prints , author =. 2018 , note =

    work page 2018

  51. [51]

    and Flagg, Laura and Turner, Jake D

    Meziani, Yasmine J. and Flagg, Laura and Turner, Jake D. and Deibert, Emily K. and Jayawardhana, Ray and Langeveld, Adam B. and de Mooij, Ernst J. W. , month = oct, year =. The. The Astronomical Journal , publisher =. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adf0fc , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adf0fc

  52. [52]

    Astronomy & Astrophysics , author =

    Detection of iron emission lines and a temperature inversion on the dayside of the ultra-hot. Astronomy & Astrophysics , author =. 2022 , pages =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142395 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142395 2022

  53. [53]

    Astronomy & Astrophysics , author =

    Detection of. Astronomy & Astrophysics , author =. 2022 , pages =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243503 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243503 2022

  54. [54]

    Lew, Ben W. P. and Roellig, Thomas and Batalha, Natasha E. and Wogan, Nicholas F. and Greene, Thomas and Marley, Mark S. and Fortney, Jonathan J. and Leisenring, Jarron and Johnstone, Doug and Furio, Matthew De and Hodapp, Klaus and Beichman, Charles and Rieke, Marcia , month = feb, year =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2602.08200 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.08200

  55. [55]

    and Pérez-Hoyos, S

    Roy-Perez, J. and Pérez-Hoyos, S. and Barrado-Izagirre, N. and Chen-Chen, H. , month = feb, year =. The effect of. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2602.06722 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.06722

  56. [56]

    Nakazawa, Kanon and Kazumasa, Ohno , month = feb, year =. Sulfur. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2602.05300 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.05300

  57. [57]

    and Wang, Ji and Asnodkar, Anusha Pai and Petz, Sydney and Duck, Alison and Strassmeier, Klaus G

    Lenhart, Calder and Johnson, Marshall C. and Wang, Ji and Asnodkar, Anusha Pai and Petz, Sydney and Duck, Alison and Strassmeier, Klaus G. and Ilyin, Ilya , month = jan, year =. The Astronomical Journal , publisher =. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ae2252 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ae2252

  58. [58]

    Ultra-hot

    Pelletier, Stefan and Kitzmann, Daniel and Vaulato, Valentina and Silva, Ana Rita Costa and Steiner, Michal and Ehrenreich, David , month = feb, year =. Ultra-hot. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2602.02845 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.02845

  59. [59]

    de and Snellen, I

    Regt, S. de and Snellen, I. A. G. and Picos, D. González and Gandhi, S. and Grasser, N. and Kesseli, A. Y. and Landman, R. and Mollière, P. and Nasedkin, E. and Stolker, T. and Zhang, Y. , month = feb, year =. The. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2602.03409 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.03409

  60. [60]

    Atmospheric characterization of HIP 67522 b with VLT/CRIRES+. VLT/CRIRES+ suggests a heavier planet and hints at deuterium fractionation

    Lavail, A. and Debras, F. and Klein, B. and Chabrol, E. and Vinatier, S. and Hood, T. and Masson, A. and Seidel, J. V. and Moutou, C. and Aigrain, S. and Meech, A. and Barragán, O. , month = feb, year =. Atmospheric characterization of. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2602.03498 , abstract =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.03498

  61. [61]

    and Giacobbe, P

    Guilluy, G. and Giacobbe, P. and Brogi, M. and Borsa, F. and Wardenier, J. P. and Amadori, F. and Cubillos, P. E. and Basilicata, M. and Bonomo, A. S. and Sozzetti, A. and Carleo, I. and Silva, T. Azevedo and Bignamini, A. and Damasso, M. and Maio, C. Di and Ghedina, A. and Lodi, M. and Mancini, L. and Manni, F. and Micela, G. and Nascimbeni, V. and Nardi...

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555702

  62. [62]

    Modeling the

    Wang, Lile and Lin, Yiren and Wang, Ji and Dai, Fei , month = feb, year =. Modeling the. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2602.01364 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.01364

  63. [63]

    Thermal emission spectra of the ultra-hot

    Zou, Qianyi and Zhai, Meng and Wang, Wei and Chen, Guo and Palle, Enric and Yan, Fei and Teng, HuanYu and Ouyang, Qinglin and Shi, Yaqing and Zhou, Li and Jiang, Zewen and Liu, Yujuan and Henning, Thomas and Crouzet, Nicolas , month = jan, year =. Thermal emission spectra of the ultra-hot. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2601.21072 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.21072

  64. [64]

    and Caballero, José A

    Gan, Tianjun and Orell-Miquel, Jaume and Yan, Fei and Nortmann, Lisa and Sanz-Forcada, Jorge and Pallé, Enric and Mao, Shude and Amado, Pedro J. and Caballero, José A. and Cikota, Stefan and Cont, David and Hatzes, Artie P. and Henning, Thomas and Lesjak, Fabio and López-Puertas, Manuel and Montes, David and Morales, Juan Carlos and Peláez-Torres, Alberto...

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ae2add

  65. [65]

    and Householder, Aaron and Komacek, Thaddeus D

    Zhang, Yapeng and Wardenier, Joost P. and Householder, Aaron and Komacek, Thaddeus D. and Kesseli, Aurora Y. and Dai, Fei and Howard, Andrew W. and Inglis, Julie and Isaacson, Howard and Knutson, Heather A. and Mawet, Dimitri and Pino, Lorenzo and Wallack, Nicole and Xuan, Jerry W. and Carmichael, Theron W. and Huber, Daniel and Lee, Rena A. and Saunders,...

    work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae36a1 2041

  66. [66]

    and Coulombe, L.-P

    Pelletier, S. and Coulombe, L.-P. and Splinter, J. and Benneke, B. and MacDonald, R. J. and Lafrenière, D. and Cowan, N. B. and Allart, R. and Rauscher, E. and Frazier, R. C. and Meyer, M. R. and Albert, L. and Dang, L. and Doyon, R. and Ehrenreich, D. and Flagg, L. and Johnstone, D. and Langeveld, A. B. and Lim, O. and Piaulet-Ghorayeb, C. and Radica, M....

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556985

  67. [67]

    and Johnson, Eric T

    Fabrycky, Daniel C. and Johnson, Eric T. and Goodman, Jeremy , month = aug, year =. Cassini. The Astrophysical Journal , publisher =. doi:10.1086/519075 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1086/519075

  68. [68]

    and Fulton, B

    Blunt, Sarah and Wang, Jason and Murray-Clay, Ruth and Macintosh, Bruce and Rubenzahl, Ryan A. and Fulton, B. J. , month = jan, year =. Evidence for a. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2601.18877 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.18877

  69. [69]

    Kreidberg, Laura and Mollière, Paul and Crossfield, Ian J. M. and Thorngren, Daniel P. and Kawashima, Yui and Morley, Caroline V. and Benneke, Björn and Mikal-Evans, Thomas and Berardo, David and Kosiarek, Molly R. and Gorjian, Varoujan and Ciardi, David R. and Christiansen, Jessie L. and Dragomir, Diana and Dressing, Courtney D. and Fortney, Jonathan J. ...

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac85be

  70. [70]

    Scott , month = jul, year =

    Eastman, Jason and Siverd, Robert and Gaudi, B. Scott , month = jul, year =. Achieving. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific , publisher =. doi:10.1086/655938 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1086/655938

  71. [71]

    D., et al

    Zhang, Michael and Beleznay, Maya and Brandt, Timothy D. and Romani, Roger W. and Gao, Peter and Beltz, Hayley and Bailes, Matthew and Nixon, Matthew C. and Bean, Jacob L. and Komacek, Thaddeus D. and Coy, Brandon P. and Fu, Guangwei and Luque, Rafael and Reardon, Daniel J. and Carli, Emma and Shannon, Ryan M. and Fortney, Jonathan J. and Piette, Anjali A...

    work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae157c 2041

  72. [72]

    and Schlaufman, Kevin C

    Schmidt, Stephen P. and Schlaufman, Kevin C. , month = jan, year =. Most. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2601.14367 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.14367

  73. [73]

    Gkouvelis, Leonardos , month = jan, year =. A. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2601.15152 , abstract =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.15152

  74. [74]

    and Fisher, Chloe E

    Claringbold, Alastair B. and Fisher, Chloe E. and Kirk, James and Ahrer, Eva-Maria and Penzlin, Anna B. T. and Thorngren, Daniel P. and López-Morales, Mercedes and Wheatley, Peter J. and Alderson, Lili and Booth, Richard A. and Christie, Duncan A. and Fairman, Charlotte and Mayne, Nathan J. and McCormack, Mason and Meech, Annabella and Owen, James E. and ...

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.13104

  75. [75]

    and Huang, Chelsea X

    Sha, Lizhou and Vanderburg, Andrew M. and Huang, Chelsea X. and Christian, Samuel and Saunders, Nicholas and Barkaoui, Khalid and Belinski, Alexander and Bergeron, Serge and Bieryla, Allyson and Collins, Karen A. and Conzo, Giuseppe and Fukui, Akihiko and Guillot, Tristan and Ikuta, Kai and Latham, David W. and Leon, Jerome P. de and Massey, Bob and Muraw...

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.13302

  76. [76]

    Pre-computed aerosol extinction, scattering and asymmetry grids for scalable atmospheric retrievals

    Voyer, Maël M. and Changeat, Quentin , month = jan, year =. Pre-computed aerosol extinction, scattering and asymmetry grids for scalable atmospheric retrievals , url =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2601.14177 , abstract =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.14177

  77. [77]

    Nature Astronomy , author =

    Clouds as the driver of variability and colour changes in brown dwarf atmospheres , copyright =. Nature Astronomy , author =. 2026 , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02709-1 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02709-1 2026

  78. [78]

    and Eggenberger, Patrick and Bourrier, Vincent and Jankowski, Dawid and Goździewski, Krzysztof and Alves, Douglas R

    Carleo, Ilaria and Castro-González, Amadeo and Pallé, Enric and Murgas, Felipe and Nowak, Grzegorz and Lacedelli, Gaia and Masseron, Thomas and Wong, Emily W. and Eggenberger, Patrick and Bourrier, Vincent and Jankowski, Dawid and Goździewski, Krzysztof and Alves, Douglas R. and Jenkins, James S. and Messina, Sergio and Stassun, Keivan G. and Vines, Jose ...

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.10450

  79. [79]

    Astronomy & Astrophysics , author =

    Detection of. Astronomy & Astrophysics , author =. 2025 , pages =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555347 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555347 2025

  80. [80]

    Astronomy & Astrophysics , author =

    Radiative braking in the extended exosphere of. Astronomy & Astrophysics , author =. 2015 , pages =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526894 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526894 2015

Showing first 80 references.