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arxiv: 2605.18135 · v2 · pith:WSYB6WHEnew · submitted 2026-05-18 · 🌀 gr-qc · astro-ph.IM

The impact of seasonality over the sensitivity of Einstein Telescope and the SNR of CBC signals at the Sardinia candidate site

Matteo Di Giovanni , Davide Rozza , Giovanni Diaferia , Andrea Contu , Rosario De Rosa , Carlo Giunchi , Luca Naticchioni , Marco Olivieri
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Annalisa Allocca Enrico Calloni Giovanni Luca Cardello Luciano Errico Giovanni Losurdo Irene Molinari Lucia Trozzo Domenico D'Urso
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Pith reviewed 2026-05-21 08:17 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌀 gr-qc astro-ph.IM
keywords Einstein Telescopeseismic noiseNewtonian noiseSardinia sitesignal-to-noise ratiocompact binary coalescencegravitational wave detection
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The pith

The Sardinia site experiences only minor seasonal variations in Einstein Telescope sensitivity, with SNR impacts on compact binary signals limited to a few percent.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper examines how changes in seismic noise across seasons affect the low-frequency sensitivity of the Einstein Telescope at the Sardinia candidate site. It uses borehole measurements collected over multiple years to estimate Newtonian noise contributions and generate adjusted sensitivity curves. These curves are then applied in simulations of signal-to-noise ratios for binary neutron star and intermediate-mass black hole signals under a triangular detector layout. A sympathetic reader would care because stable site performance helps confirm that the telescope can meet its detection targets for early-inspiral gravitational-wave events without major environmental interference.

Core claim

The low seismic noise of the Sardinia site results in only minor seasonal variations in detector sensitivity. The corresponding impact on SNR is limited to a few percent, even without including Newtonian noise mitigation. These results indicate that seasonal environmental fluctuations have a minor effect on the early inspiral detectability of compact binaries, confirming the suitability of the Sardinia site for achieving ET low-frequency sensitivity goals.

What carries the argument

Seismic spectra measured in deep boreholes used to estimate Newtonian noise in the 2-10 Hz band and to derive modified ET sensitivity curves for SNR simulations.

Load-bearing premise

The seismic spectra measured in the deep boreholes between 2022 and 2025 accurately represent the Newtonian noise environment that the Einstein Telescope would experience at the actual detector location.

What would settle it

Measurements of seismic noise at the precise future detector positions that show substantially larger seasonal variations than the borehole records, or new SNR calculations that produce changes exceeding a few percent.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.18135 by Andrea Contu, Annalisa Allocca, Carlo Giunchi, Davide Rozza, Domenico D'Urso, Enrico Calloni, Giovanni Diaferia, Giovanni Losurdo, Giovanni Luca Cardello, Irene Molinari, Luca Naticchioni, Luciano Errico, Lucia Trozzo, Marco Olivieri, Matteo Di Giovanni, Rosario De Rosa.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Scheme of ET for the triangular configuration. Each [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Map of Europe showing the locations of the official [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Spectra from borehole sensors at P2 (blue) and P3 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Evaluation of the noise level for P2 at global scale. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Comparison of the seismic spectra from P2 in July [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. The impact of seasonality on the design sensitivity [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. Ratio between the modified sensitivity curves for [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9. SNR loss distributions for IMBH (a) and BNS (b) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: FIG. 11 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_11.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

This work investigates the impact of seasonal variations in seismic noise on the low-frequency performance of the Einstein Telescope (ET) at the Sardinia candidate site, focusing on implications for compact binary coalescence observations. Using seismic data collected between 2022 and 2025 in deep boreholes, we characterize monthly noise variations and identify representative best and worst case scenarios, corresponding to July and December. The measured seismic spectra are used to estimate the Newtonian noise contribution in the 2-10 Hz band and to derive modified ET sensitivity curves. These are implemented in a simulation framework to evaluate their effect on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of binary neutron star and intermediate mass black hole signals, assuming the triangular ET configuration. We find that the low seismic noise of the Sardinia site results in only minor seasonal variations in detector sensitivity. The corresponding impact on SNR is limited to a few percent, even without including Newtonian noise mitigation. These results indicate that seasonal environmental fluctuation have a minor effect on the early inspired detectability of compact binaries, confirming the suitability of the Sardinia site for achieving ET low-frequency sensitivity goals.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript analyzes seasonal seismic noise variations at the Sardinia candidate site for the Einstein Telescope using multi-year (2022-2025) borehole data. It defines best-case (July) and worst-case (December) spectra, estimates the Newtonian noise contribution in the 2-10 Hz band, derives modified ET sensitivity curves, and evaluates the resulting SNR impact on binary neutron star and intermediate-mass black hole signals in the triangular configuration. The central claim is that the site's low seismic noise produces only minor seasonal sensitivity variations, limiting SNR changes to a few percent even without Newtonian noise mitigation, thereby supporting the site's suitability for ET low-frequency goals.

Significance. If the borehole-to-NN mapping holds, the work supplies direct empirical constraints on environmental variability for ET site selection, using measured spectra rather than purely modeled inputs. This strengthens planning for compact binary coalescence observations by quantifying that seasonal effects remain sub-dominant to other noise sources in the target band.

major comments (1)
  1. Newtonian noise estimation from borehole spectra (described in the methods for sensitivity curve modification): the conversion of measured seismic displacement spectra into an additive NN strain term assumes the borehole data at their specific depths and horizontal positions accurately sample the gravity-gradient coupling at the final ET cavern location and depth. No depth-extrapolation, wave-speed profile validation, or cross-check against independent NN models is presented; if this assumption is inexact, the reported 'few percent' SNR variation could shift, directly affecting the central claim of minor seasonal impact.
minor comments (2)
  1. The abstract states SNR impact is 'limited to a few percent' but does not quote the exact range or which signals (BNS vs IMBH) achieve the upper end; adding this would improve precision without altering the result.
  2. Figure captions for the modified sensitivity curves should explicitly note which curve corresponds to the July versus December spectrum for immediate readability.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive summary, significance assessment, and recommendation of minor revision. The single major comment is addressed point-by-point below with a commitment to strengthen the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Newtonian noise estimation from borehole spectra (described in the methods for sensitivity curve modification): the conversion of measured seismic displacement spectra into an additive NN strain term assumes the borehole data at their specific depths and horizontal positions accurately sample the gravity-gradient coupling at the final ET cavern location and depth. No depth-extrapolation, wave-speed profile validation, or cross-check against independent NN models is presented; if this assumption is inexact, the reported 'few percent' SNR variation could shift, directly affecting the central claim of minor seasonal impact.

    Authors: We thank the referee for highlighting this important methodological point. The borehole data were acquired at the Sardinia candidate site at depths (approximately 200–300 m) chosen to be representative of the planned ET cavern locations. The NN estimation applies standard gravity-gradient coupling relations to the measured displacement spectra in the 2–10 Hz band, following the approach used in prior ET site-characterization studies. While the manuscript does not present explicit depth extrapolation, site-specific wave-speed profiles, or cross-validation against independent NN models, the analysis focuses on the relative seasonal change between the July (best-case) and December (worst-case) spectra rather than on absolute NN amplitudes. Because the same conversion is applied to both seasonal spectra, the differential impact on sensitivity and SNR remains robust even if the absolute NN level carries some systematic uncertainty. To address the referee’s concern directly, we will revise the Methods section to include an expanded discussion of the assumptions in the borehole-to-NN mapping, explicitly note the absence of depth extrapolation and independent validation, and add a short limitations paragraph stating that future geophysical surveys could refine the absolute NN contribution. These additions will not alter the central result that seasonal variations produce only minor (few-percent) SNR changes. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; derivation rests on direct measurements and forward simulation

full rationale

The paper derives its conclusions from measured seismic spectra (2022-2025 borehole data) converted via standard Newtonian-noise coupling formulas into additive strain terms, which are then used to rescale the ET sensitivity curve and compute SNR via simulation. No equation or claim reduces by construction to a fitted parameter renamed as prediction, nor does any load-bearing step rely on a self-citation chain or self-definitional loop. The central result (few-percent SNR variation) follows from the input data and the ET noise model without circular reduction. This is the normal case of an empirical forward-modeling study that remains self-contained against external seismic and detector benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the assumption that borehole seismic data represent the detector noise environment and on standard models for Newtonian noise and ET sensitivity curves.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Newtonian noise from seismic ground motion dominates the low-frequency sensitivity budget in the 2-10 Hz band.
    Invoked to convert measured seismic spectra into modified ET sensitivity curves.

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