pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.16009 · v2 · pith:3R3DOWCTnew · submitted 2026-06-14 · 💻 cs.CL · cs.HC

Bridging the Usability Gap: Lessons from Interpreting Studies for Machine Interpreting Design

Claudio Fantinuoli This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-27 03:31 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.CL cs.HC
keywords machine interpretingspeech translationusability gapinterpreting studiesdesign prioritiesagencygroundingcommunicative effectiveness
0
0 comments X

The pith

Machine interpreting systems need agency, grounding and experience to move beyond the accuracy illusion and support real interactions.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Current machine interpreting achieves high scores on textual accuracy yet fails to enable smooth multilingual exchanges in practice. The paper draws lessons from professional human interpreting to define three interdependent design priorities that address this gap. Agency requires systems to take context-sensitive initiative and perform repairs. Grounding demands multimodal and discourse-level awareness of the situation. Experience means the system improves through ongoing real interactions. If these priorities hold, evaluation would shift from isolated fidelity metrics to communicative effectiveness, allowing systems to sustain goal-oriented communication.

Core claim

Machine interpreting is defined as a distinct subfield of speech translation whose success must be measured by communicative effectiveness rather than fidelity alone. Drawing on interpreting studies, the paper identifies overlooked dimensions of professional practice and consolidates them into three interdependent design priorities: agency (context-sensitive initiative and repair), grounding (multimodal and discourse-level situational awareness), and experience (adaptive improvement through real interaction). These priorities together chart a path to closing the usability gap.

What carries the argument

Three interdependent design priorities—agency, grounding, and experience—consolidated from dimensions of professional interpreting practice, which reorient machine interpreting development toward communicative effectiveness.

If this is right

  • Evaluation of machine interpreting would move from isolated textual fidelity benchmarks to measures of whether interactions achieve their communicative goals.
  • Systems would incorporate context-sensitive initiative, multimodal awareness, and ongoing adaptation rather than treating each utterance in isolation.
  • The usability gap would narrow as systems begin to handle repair, situational context, and learning from use in real time.
  • Machine interpreting would be treated as its own subfield requiring design choices distinct from offline speech translation.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • These priorities could inform hybrid setups where machines manage routine segments and flag moments requiring human intervention.
  • The same three dimensions might apply to other real-time AI communication tools such as voice assistants or collaborative writing systems.
  • Implementation would require new datasets that capture multimodal context and discourse-level repair rather than sentence-level translations.
  • Domain-specific testing in medical or legal settings could reveal whether the priorities need further specialization.

Load-bearing premise

Dimensions identified in human interpreting studies can be directly consolidated into effective design priorities that improve machine systems' communicative performance.

What would settle it

A controlled comparison of interaction success, repair rates, and participant satisfaction in live multilingual meetings using current MI systems versus versions explicitly built around the three priorities.

read the original abstract

Machine interpreting (MI), the live, real-time application of speech translation, has achieved remarkable progress on standard benchmarks, with some systems approaching human parity on textual fidelity. Yet the user experience remains far inferior to interpreter-mediated communication, revealing what we term the accuracy illusion: systems that appear accurate on paper but fail in practice to support smooth, goal-oriented interaction. This paper defines MI as a distinct subfield of speech translation, with its own characteristics and the need for evaluation methods grounded in communicative effectiveness rather than isolated fidelity metrics. Drawing on insights from interpreting studies, we identify critical dimensions of professional interpreting practice that are overlooked by current systems, and consolidate them into three interdependent design priorities for future MI: agency (context-sensitive initiative and repair), grounding (multimodal and discourse-level situational awareness), and experience (adaptive improvement through real interaction). Together, these priorities chart a path toward closing the usability gap and enabling systems that can sustain authentic multilingual communication in real time.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript argues that machine interpreting (MI) systems, despite approaching human parity on textual fidelity benchmarks, suffer from an 'accuracy illusion' in which they fail to support smooth, goal-oriented real-world interactions. It defines MI as a distinct subfield of speech translation requiring evaluation methods focused on communicative effectiveness. Drawing on interpreting studies, the paper identifies overlooked dimensions of professional practice and consolidates them into three interdependent design priorities—agency (context-sensitive initiative and repair), grounding (multimodal and discourse-level situational awareness), and experience (adaptive improvement through real interaction)—that together chart a path to closing the usability gap.

Significance. If the proposed priorities can be operationalized, this interdisciplinary synthesis from interpreting studies could usefully redirect MI research away from isolated fidelity metrics toward designs that better support authentic multilingual communication. The framing itself provides a conceptual contribution by highlighting agency, grounding, and experience as focal points.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract (paragraph defining the three priorities)] Abstract (paragraph defining the three priorities): the claim that dimensions from human interpreting studies 'can be directly consolidated into effective, interdependent design priorities' for machine systems that will improve communicative effectiveness rests on literature synthesis alone, without any mapping, examples, or argument showing how agency, grounding, and experience would interact in MI architectures or why they suffice to close the usability gap; this assumption is load-bearing for the central proposal.
minor comments (2)
  1. The term 'accuracy illusion' is introduced without a precise operational definition or concrete examples of where benchmark success diverges from interactional failure.
  2. Consider adding discussion of how the three priorities might be measured or validated in future MI systems to strengthen the proposal.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive review and for recognizing the potential conceptual contribution of the proposed priorities. We address the major comment below and will revise accordingly.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Abstract (paragraph defining the three priorities): the claim that dimensions from human interpreting studies 'can be directly consolidated into effective, interdependent design priorities' for machine systems that will improve communicative effectiveness rests on literature synthesis alone, without any mapping, examples, or argument showing how agency, grounding, and experience would interact in MI architectures or why they suffice to close the usability gap; this assumption is load-bearing for the central proposal.

    Authors: The manuscript presents a literature-driven synthesis identifying dimensions from interpreting studies that current MI systems overlook, arguing these can be consolidated into design priorities to address the usability gap. While the core contribution is conceptual framing rather than empirical validation or architectural blueprints, we agree that the manuscript would benefit from greater specificity on interactions and applicability. In revision we will add a dedicated subsection with illustrative scenarios drawn from interpreting studies (e.g., how agency might manifest as context-sensitive clarification requests in an MI system, how grounding could leverage multimodal cues for discourse repair, and how experience could enable online adaptation), explicitly discussing their interdependencies and linkage to communicative effectiveness. This will strengthen the load-bearing claim without shifting the paper's scope from synthesis to implementation. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity

full rationale

The paper is a conceptual position piece that synthesizes external literature from interpreting studies to propose three design priorities. No equations, fitted parameters, self-referential definitions, or load-bearing self-citations appear in the provided text. The central claim is a framing exercise that draws on independent sources without reducing any step to the paper's own inputs by construction. The argument remains self-contained as an interpretive consolidation rather than a derivation that loops back on itself.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 1 invented entities

The central claim rests on the transferability of human interpreting practices to machine design without empirical mapping or validation; no free parameters or mathematical axioms are involved, but the framework introduces the accuracy illusion as a descriptive construct.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Insights from professional human interpreting studies identify dimensions that current machine systems overlook and that can guide effective design priorities.
    Invoked in the abstract when consolidating dimensions into the three priorities without providing specific mappings or tests.
invented entities (1)
  • accuracy illusion no independent evidence
    purpose: To name the discrepancy between benchmark performance and practical usability in machine interpreting.
    Introduced in the abstract as the core problem statement; no independent evidence or falsifiable prediction is supplied.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5690 in / 1412 out tokens · 47284 ms · 2026-06-27T03:31:14.051751+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

142 extracted references · 67 canonical work pages · 14 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    Experimenting with Machine Interpreting in the

    Tomasz Korybski and Wojciech Figiel and Ma. Experimenting with Machine Interpreting in the. Language and Technology in Intercultural Communication , year =

  2. [2]

    The Interpreters' Newsletter , volume =

    Claudio Fantinuoli , title =. The Interpreters' Newsletter , volume =. 2025 , publisher =

    2025

  3. [3]

    Language and Technology in Intercultural Communication , year =

    Kayo Matsushita , title =. Language and Technology in Intercultural Communication , year =

  4. [4]

    Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Spoken Language Translation (

    Dominik Mach. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Spoken Language Translation (. 2023 , address =

    2023

  5. [5]

    Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation , year =

    Claudio Fantinuoli and Xiaoman Wang , title =. Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation , year =

  6. [6]

    2014 , address =

    Roderick Jones , title =. 2014 , address =

    2014

  7. [7]

    1981 , address =

    Peter Newmark , title =. 1981 , address =

    1981

  8. [8]

    Linguistic (

    Karl B. Linguistic (. Multilingua , volume =

  9. [9]

    Language Interpretation and Communication , editor =

    Miriam Shlesinger , title =. Language Interpretation and Communication , editor =

  10. [10]

    Williams and Antoine Raux and Matthew Henderson , title =

    Jason D. Williams and Antoine Raux and Matthew Henderson , title =. Dialogue & Discourse , volume =

  11. [11]

    Findings of the Second Shared Task on Multimodal Machine Translation and Multilingual Image Description , booktitle =

    Desmond Elliott and Stella Frank and Lo. Findings of the Second Shared Task on Multimodal Machine Translation and Multilingual Image Description , booktitle =. 2017 , address =

    2017

  12. [12]

    Probing the Need for Visual Context in Multimodal Machine Translation , booktitle =

    Ozan Caglayan and Pranava Madhyastha and Lucia Specia and Lo. Probing the Need for Visual Context in Multimodal Machine Translation , booktitle =. 2019 , address =

    2019

  13. [13]

    Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics:

    Ahmed Masry and Do Xuan Long and Jia Qing Tan and Shafiq Joty and Enamul Hoque , title =. Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics:. 2022 , address =

    2022

  14. [14]

    Proceedings of the 37th

    Ryota Tanaka and Kyosuke Nishida and Kosuke Nishida and Taku Hasegawa and Itsumi Saito and Kuniko Saito , title =. Proceedings of the 37th

  15. [15]

    Li , title =

    Jiatao Gu and Graham Neubig and Kyunghyun Cho and Victor O.K. Li , title =. Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers , pages =. 2017 , address =

    2017

  16. [16]

    Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =

    Mingbo Ma and Liang Huang and Hao Xiong and Renjie Zheng and Kaibo Liu and Baigong Zheng and Chuanqiang Zhang and Zhongjun He and Hairong Liu and Xing Li and Hua Wu and Haifeng Wang , title =. Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =. 2019 , address =

    2019

  17. [17]

    Rusu and Kieran Milan and John Quan and Tiago Ramalho and Agnieszka Grabska-Barwinska and Demis Hassabis and Claudia Clopath and Dharshan Kumaran and Raia Hadsell , title =

    James Kirkpatrick and Razvan Pascanu and Neil Rabinowitz and Joel Veness and Guillaume Desjardins and Andrei A. Rusu and Kieran Milan and John Quan and Tiago Ramalho and Agnieszka Grabska-Barwinska and Demis Hassabis and Claudia Clopath and Dharshan Kumaran and Raia Hadsell , title =. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , volume =

  18. [18]

    Hu and Yelong Shen and Phillip Wallis and Zeyuan Allen-Zhu and Yuanzhi Li and Shean Wang and Lu Wang and Weizhu Chen , title =

    Edward J. Hu and Yelong Shen and Phillip Wallis and Zeyuan Allen-Zhu and Yuanzhi Li and Shean Wang and Lu Wang and Weizhu Chen , title =. 2021 , eprint =

    2021

  19. [19]

    Manning , title =

    Spence Green and Sida Wang and Jason Chuang and Jeffrey Heer and Sebastian Schuster and Christopher D. Manning , title =. Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =. 2014 , address =

    2014

  20. [20]

    Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , pages =

    Julia Kreutzer and Artem Sokolov and Stefan Riezler , title =. Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , pages =. 2017 , address =

    2017

  21. [21]

    Proceedings of the 18th

    Florian Eyben and Martin W. Proceedings of the 18th. 2010 , address =

    2010

  22. [22]

    Computational Paralinguistics: Emotion, Affect and Personality in Speech and Language Processing , publisher =

    Bj. Computational Paralinguistics: Emotion, Affect and Personality in Speech and Language Processing , publisher =. 2014 , address =

    2014

  23. [23]

    Philosophy and Technology , year =

    Luciano Floridi , title =. Philosophy and Technology , year =

  24. [24]

    Interpreting as Interaction , publisher =

    Ingrid Wadensj. Interpreting as Interaction , publisher =

  25. [25]

    Introducing Interpreting Studies , edition =

    Franz P. Introducing Interpreting Studies , edition =

  26. [26]

    Speech Communication , volume =

    Hui Jiang , title =. Speech Communication , volume =

  27. [27]

    Translation Quality Assessment , publisher =

    Lucia Specia and Gustavo Paetzold and Carolina Scarton , title =. Translation Quality Assessment , publisher =

  28. [28]

    Computer Speech & Language , author =

    Turn-taking in. Computer Speech & Language , author =. 2021 , keywords =. doi:10.1016/j.csl.2020.101178 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1016/j.csl.2020.101178 2021

  29. [29]

    ACL , pages =

    Naveen Arivazhagan and Colin Cherry and Wolfgang Macherey and Chung-Cheng Chiu and Semih Yavuz and Ruoming Pang and Wei Li and Colin Raffel , title =. ACL , pages =

  30. [30]

    ACL Findings , year =

    Tianxiao Zhao and Junliang Guo and Yuchen Zhang and Xu Tan and Tao Qin and Tie-Yan Liu , title =. ACL Findings , year =

  31. [31]

    LREC , year =

    Qi Sun and others , title =. LREC , year =

  32. [32]

    ACL , pages =

    Tong Niu and Mohit Bansal , title =. ACL , pages =

  33. [33]

    NAACL , pages =

    Sudha Rao and Joel Tetreault , title =. NAACL , pages =

  34. [34]

    ACL Findings , pages =

    Yue Zou and Chengqing Zong , title =. ACL Findings , pages =

  35. [35]

    Costa-juss

    Simone Rizzo and Marta R. Costa-juss. Cultural Adaptation in Neural Machine Translation: A Case Study on Proverbs and Sayings , booktitle =

  36. [36]

    AI Open , volume =

    Saira Nisa and others , title =. AI Open , volume =. 2025 , publisher =

    2025

  37. [37]

    arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.00000 , year =

    David Plaat and others , title =. arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.00000 , year =

    arXiv

  38. [38]

    Axel Bengtsson , title =

  39. [39]

    , editor =

    Fillmore, Charles J. , editor =. The. Universals in. 1968 , pages =

    1968

  40. [40]

    Gile, Daniel , month = nov, year =. Basic

  41. [41]

    Simultaneous

    Setton , year =. Simultaneous

  42. [42]

    Revue Internationale d'études en langues modernes appliquées , author =

    Interpreting: a. Revue Internationale d'études en langues modernes appliquées , author =. 2014 , pages =

    2014

  43. [43]

    Consecutive

    Gilles, Andrew , year =. Consecutive

  44. [45]

    Revisiting

    Tiselius, Elisabet , editor =. Revisiting. American. 2009 , doi =

    2009

  45. [46]

    Towards the evaluation of automatic simultaneous speech translation from a communicative perspective , url =

    Fantinuoli, Claudio and Prandi, Bianca , month = aug, year =. Towards the evaluation of automatic simultaneous speech translation from a communicative perspective , url =. Proceedings of the 18th. doi:10.18653/v1/2021.iwslt-1.29 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.18653/v1/2021.iwslt-1.29 2021

  46. [47]

    Interactive

    Seligman, Mark , year =. Interactive

  47. [48]

    2020 , doi =

    Speech-to-. 2020 , doi =

    2020

  48. [49]

    Integration of

    Saboo, Ashutosh and Baumann, Timo , month = aug, year =. Integration of. Proceedings of the. doi:10.18653/v1/W19-5210 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.18653/v1/w19-5210

  49. [50]

    and Jain, A.N

    Waibel, A. and Jain, A.N. and McNair, A.E. and Saito, H. and Hauptmann, A.G. and Tebelskis, J. , year =. [. doi:10.1109/ICASSP.1991.150456 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1109/icassp.1991.150456 1991

  50. [51]

    Papi, Sara and Gaido, Marco and Negri, Matteo , month = jul, year =. Direct. Proceedings of the 20th. doi:10.18653/v1/2023.iwslt-1.11 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.18653/v1/2023.iwslt-1.11 2023

  51. [52]

    Evaluating

    Salesky, Elizabeth and Darwish, Kareem and Al-Badrashiny, Mohamed and Diab, Mona and Niehues, Jan , month = jul, year =. Evaluating. Proceedings of the 20th. doi:10.18653/v1/2023.iwslt-1.2 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.18653/v1/2023.iwslt-1.2 2023

  52. [53]

    arXiv:2004.06358 [cs] , author =

    Speech. arXiv:2004.06358 [cs] , author =

    arXiv 2004

  53. [54]

    Findings of the

    Anastasopoulos, Antonios and Barrault, Loïc and Bentivogli, Luisa and Zanon Boito, Marcely and Bojar, Ondřej and Cattoni, Roldano and Currey, Anna and Dinu, Georgiana and Duh, Kevin and Elbayad, Maha and Emmanuel, Clara and Estève, Yannick and Federico, Marcello and Federmann, Christian and Gahbiche, Souhir and Gong, Hongyu and Grundkiewicz, Roman and Had...

    work page doi:10.18653/v1/2022.iwslt-1.10 2022

  54. [55]

    Xu, Jitao and Buet, François and Crego, Josep and Bertin-Lemée, Elise and Yvon, François , month = may, year =. Joint. Proceedings of the 19th. doi:10.18653/v1/2022.iwslt-1.7 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.18653/v1/2022.iwslt-1.7 2022

  55. [56]

    Meta: Journal des traducteurs , author =

    Remote. Meta: Journal des traducteurs , author =. 2005 , pages =. doi:10.7202/011014ar , language =

    work page doi:10.7202/011014ar 2005

  56. [57]

    BMC Health Services Research , author =

    Barriers to and solutions for addressing insufficient professional interpreter use in primary healthcare , volume =. BMC Health Services Research , author =. 2019 , keywords =. doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4628-6 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4628-6 2019

  57. [58]

    Cognition , author =

    A critical period for second language acquisition:. Cognition , author =. 2018 , pmid =. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.04.007 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.04.007 2018

  58. [59]

    Esperanto and

    Fettes, Mark , editor =. Esperanto and. Encyclopedia of. 1997 , doi =

    1997

  59. [60]

    English as a

    Cogo, Alessia , editor =. English as a. International. 2015 , doi =

    2015

  60. [61]

    Hu, Chenxu and Tian, Qiao and Li, Tingle and Wang, Yuping and Wang, Yuxuan and Zhao, Hang , month = mar, year =. Neural. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2110.08243 , keywords =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2110.08243

  61. [62]

    IEEE access : practical innovations, open solutions , author =

    Working in. IEEE access : practical innovations, open solutions , author =. 2020 , pages =. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3023546 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.1109/access.2020.3023546 2020

  62. [63]

    Susskind, Richard and Susskind, Daniel , year =. The

  63. [64]

    Perspectives (Gerontological Nursing Association (Canada)) , author =

    How language and (non-)translation impact on media newsrooms: the case of newspapers in. Perspectives (Gerontological Nursing Association (Canada)) , author =. 2009 , pages =. doi:10.1080/09076760903125051 , language =

    work page doi:10.1080/09076760903125051 2009

  64. [65]

    Evaluation Review , author =

    Integration of. Evaluation Review , author =. 2005 , pages =. doi:10.1177/0193841X04270230 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1177/0193841x04270230 2005

  65. [66]

    Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health , author =

    Stress-. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health , author =. 2009 , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s10903-008-9200-0 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1007/s10903-008-9200-0 2009

  66. [67]

    Sperber, Matthias and Seyssel, Maureen de and Bao, Jiajun and Paulik, Matthias , month = aug, year =. Toward. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2508.07964 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.07964

  67. [68]

    Fantinuoli, Claudio , editor =. Machine. The

  68. [69]

    Translation Spaces , author =

    Is machine interpreting interpreting? , copyright =. Translation Spaces , author =. doi:10.1075/ts.23028.poc , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1075/ts.23028.poc

  69. [70]

    Barriers to

    Wein, Shira and I, Te and Cherry, Colin and Juraska, Juraj and Padfield, Dirk and Macherey, Wolfgang , editor =. Barriers to. Findings of the. 2024 , pages =

    2024

  70. [71]

    Cheng, Shanbo and Huang, Zhichao and Ko, Tom and Li, Hang and Peng, Ningxin and Xu, Lu and Zhang, Qini , month = aug, year =. Towards. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2407.21646 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2407.21646

  71. [72]

    Situation

    Endsley, Mica , month = jan, year =. Situation

  72. [73]

    Working with

    Leanza, Yvan and Miklavcic, Alessandra and Boivin, Isabelle and Rosenberg, Ellen , editor =. Working with. Cultural. 2014 , doi =

    2014

  73. [74]

    and Crezee, Ineke , month = jan, year =

    Ramirez, E. and Crezee, Ineke , month = jan, year =. Reflective

  74. [75]

    Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics , author =

    How “. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics , author =. 2025 , note =. doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00740 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00740 2025

  75. [76]

    Findings of the IWSLT 2025 Evaluation Campaign

    Abdulmumin, Idris and Agostinelli, Victor and Alumäe, Tanel and Anastasopoulos, Antonios and Bentivogli, Luisa and Bojar, Ondřej and Borg, Claudia and Bougares, Fethi and Cattoni, Roldano and Cettolo, Mauro and Chen, Lizhong and Chen, William and Dabre, Raj and Estève, Yannick and Federico, Marcello and Fishel, Mark and Gaido, Marco and Javorský, Dávid an...

    work page doi:10.18653/v1/2025.iwslt-1.44 2025

  76. [77]

    Report on

    WHO , year =. Report on

  77. [78]

    Interpretese vs

    He, He and Boyd-Graber, Jordan and Daumé III, Hal , editor =. Interpretese vs. Proceedings of the 2016. 2016 , pages =. doi:10.18653/v1/N16-1111 , urldate =

    work page doi:10.18653/v1/n16-1111 2016

  78. [79]

    Translation in the

    Savoldi, Beatrice and Ramponi, Alan and Negri, Matteo and Bentivogli, Luisa , month = feb, year =. Translation in the. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2502.13780 , abstract =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.13780

  79. [80]

    Welcome to the

    Silver, David and Sutton, Richard S , year =. Welcome to the

  80. [81]

    Philosophical investigations: =

    Wittgenstein, Ludwig , translator =. Philosophical investigations: =. 1989 , file =

    1989

Showing first 80 references.