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arxiv: 2606.27584 · v1 · pith:LJOAZAHOnew · submitted 2026-06-25 · 💻 cs.CV · cs.AI

CoIn: Comprehensive 2D-3D Inpainting with Gaussian Splatting Guidance

Pith reviewed 2026-06-29 01:23 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.CV cs.AI
keywords 3D inpaintingGaussian Splatting2D-3D consistencyobject insertiondiffusion modelsscene editingmulti-view consistency
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The pith

CoIn connects 2D diffusion inpainting to 3D Gaussian Splatting through a bidirectional multi-stage pipeline to handle both object removal and insertion with flexible masks.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper introduces CoIn to solve 3D scene inpainting by linking 2D models with 3D representations. It starts with diffusion-based inpainting on arbitrary masks, then builds a coarse 3D scene using Reference Adaptive GS, warps features back for consistency, and refines with a discriminator. This bidirectional flow aims to achieve multi-view consistency without needing precise multi-view masks. A sympathetic reader would care because it expands 3D editing beyond removal-only tasks to include insertions in scenes with limited views.

Core claim

CoIn is a framework that first uses a 2D diffusion model to generate inpainted images with flexible masks, then employs Reference Adaptive GS with Feature Attention to reconstruct a coarse 3D scene, provides geometric guidance back to the diffusion process via GS-based Reference Feature Warping for multi-view consistency, and finally applies a Texture-Enhancing Discriminator to refine photometric realism.

What carries the argument

The multi-stage consistency pipeline consisting of 2D diffusion, Reference Adaptive GS, GS-based Reference Feature Warping, and Texture-Enhancing Discriminator that enables bidirectional information flow between 2D and 3D.

If this is right

  • CoIn can perform 3D inpainting for object insertion as well as removal.
  • The method works with arbitrary-shaped masks rather than requiring precise multi-view segmentation.
  • State-of-the-art performance is achieved on 3D scene inpainting tasks through the bidirectional guidance.
  • Multi-view consistency is maintained by using the 3D GS representation to guide 2D inpainting.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The pipeline could extend to dynamic scenes if the Gaussian Splatting representation incorporates time information.
  • The warping and discriminator stages might adapt to other 3D editing tasks such as relighting or style transfer.
  • Evaluation on real captured scenes with natural occlusions would test whether the consistency holds outside controlled settings.

Load-bearing premise

The multi-stage consistency pipeline will produce multi-view consistent results without requiring precise multi-view segmentation masks.

What would settle it

Visible inconsistencies or artifacts across different viewpoints in the inpainted 3D scene when using loose or arbitrary masks on complex real-world scenes would falsify the central claim.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.27584 by Hana Kim, Minje Kim, Tae-Kyun Kim.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Key impact of inconsistent masks on 3D-first vs. 2D-first pipelines. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p001_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Overview of CoIn. We begin with initial 2D inpainting results and apply Reference GS with Feature Attention to obtain a coarse inpainted 3D scene. We then use Consistency Loss Guidance for the frozen latent diffusion inpainting model with GS￾based Reference Feature Warping, and the consistency-preserved results are finally used to fine-tune the 3D Gaussian Splatting scene G with a Texture-Enhancing Discrim… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Qualitative results on the SPIn-NeRF dataset [28] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Qualitative results on the IMFine dataset [37] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Qualitative results for object insertion task. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Results of ablation studies (A) Qualitative results for ablation studies on the “Book" scene of SPIn-NeRF dataset [28]. We mark inpainted regions with red boxes and especially highlight inconsistencies with yellow circles. Rows (a)–(d) show w/o Ref￾GS, w/o CLG, w/o TE-D, and the full model, respectively. (B) Depth map comparison on the “Dabao" scene from the IMFine dataset [37]. We highlight the inpainted … view at source ↗
Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Qualitative comparison of 2D-first and 3D-first pipelines. The 3D-first pipeline simplifies inpainting by targeting only truly occluded areas, unlike the more challenging 2D-first approach with its larger mask. With Segmentation Mask With Bounding Box Mask Input Novel View 1 Novel View 2 Novel View 3 “ A green apple” “ Cactus” “White flour pack” [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Qualitative results. (a) Input views and 3D-inconsistent masks from 2D segmentation. (b) Irregular masks with original inputs (left) and our consistent novel views (right). (c) Failure cases: large masks with view changes beyond 180◦ (left) lead to blurry textures (right) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Additional qualitative results on the SPIn-NeRF dataset [S1] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Additional qualitative results on the IMFine dataset [S2] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_5.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

3D scene inpainting is essential for reconstructing areas corrupted by occlusions or limited viewpoints. While recent methods leverage Gaussian Splatting (GS) for efficient 3D editing, they often depend on precise multi-view segmentation masks and are inherently constrained to object removal tasks. We propose CoIn, a novel framework that bridges 2D inpainting models and 3DGS through a multi-stage consistency pipeline. Our approach first generates initial inpainted images using a diffusion model, enabling the use of arbitrary-shaped masks and diverse tasks like object insertion. We then introduce Reference Adaptive GS with Feature Attention to reconstruct a coarse 3D scene by adaptively weighing towards a reference view (2D -> 3D). This 3D representation provides geometric guidance to the diffusion process via GS-based Reference Feature Warping, ensuring multi-view consistency (3D -> 2D). Finally, a Texture-Enhancing Discriminator refines the 3D scene to achieve high photometric realism (2D -> 3D). Experiments show that CoIn, effectively leveraging bidirectional information flow, achieves state-of-the-art performance and effectively handles both object removal and object insertion with flexible mask input.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 3 minor

Summary. The paper proposes CoIn, a framework for 3D scene inpainting that integrates 2D diffusion models with 3D Gaussian Splatting via a multi-stage bidirectional pipeline: 2D diffusion generates initial inpainted images from arbitrary masks (supporting removal and insertion), Reference Adaptive GS with Feature Attention reconstructs a coarse 3D scene (2D->3D), GS-based Reference Feature Warping provides geometric guidance back to the diffusion process for multi-view consistency (3D->2D), and a Texture-Enhancing Discriminator refines photometric quality (2D->3D). Experiments are reported to demonstrate SOTA performance on both object removal and insertion tasks.

Significance. If the bidirectional consistency mechanism holds, the work would meaningfully extend GS-based editing by relaxing the need for precise multi-view segmentation masks and enabling insertion tasks, which prior methods largely exclude. The pipeline's explicit 2D-3D feedback loop is a clear technical contribution over unidirectional approaches.

minor comments (3)
  1. The abstract and introduction would benefit from explicit citation of the specific datasets, baselines, and quantitative metrics (e.g., PSNR, LPIPS, or perceptual scores) used to support the SOTA claim, as these are referenced only qualitatively.
  2. Notation for the Reference Adaptive GS (e.g., how the feature attention weights are computed and normalized) is introduced without an accompanying equation or pseudocode block, which would aid reproducibility.
  3. Figure captions for the pipeline diagram and qualitative results should include the exact mask types (arbitrary vs. multi-view) and view counts shown to make the consistency claims easier to inspect.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive summary of our work, the recognition of the bidirectional 2D-3D pipeline as a technical contribution, and the recommendation for minor revision. No major comments were listed in the report.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity

full rationale

The provided abstract and description contain no equations, fitted parameters, predictions, or derivation steps. The method is presented as a multi-stage pipeline (2D diffusion to Reference Adaptive GS to warping to discriminator) whose performance is evaluated empirically. No self-definitional relations, fitted inputs renamed as predictions, or load-bearing self-citations appear in the text. The central claim of multi-view consistency via bidirectional flow is an engineering description rather than a mathematical reduction to its own inputs, making the result self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only; no free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are specified or derivable from the provided text.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5743 in / 1109 out tokens · 27088 ms · 2026-06-29T01:23:04.677791+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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Reference graph

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