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The CMS statistical analysis and combination tool: COMBINE
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This paper describes the COMBINE software package used for statistical analyses by the CMS Collaboration. The package, originally designed to perform searches for a Higgs boson and the combined analysis of those searches, has evolved to become the statistical analysis tool presently used in the majority of measurements and searches performed by the CMS Collaboration. It is not specific to the CMS experiment, and this paper is intended to serve as a reference for users outside of the CMS Collaboration, providing an outline of the most salient features and capabilities. Readers are provided with the possibility to run COMBINE and reproduce examples provided in this paper using a publicly available container image. Since the package is constantly evolving to meet the demands of ever-increasing data sets and analysis sophistication, this paper cannot cover all details of COMBINE. However, the online documentation referenced within this paper provides an up-to-date and complete user guide.
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Cited by 46 Pith papers
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Search for resonant production of lepton-enriched semivisible jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
A CMS search with 138 fb^-1 of 13 TeV data finds no lepton-enriched semivisible jet resonance and excludes Z' masses up to 4.7 TeV (SVJ l) and 1.8-3.5 TeV (SVJ tau) at 95% CL.
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First Search for Quirks at the LHC with FASER
FASER's first search for quirks found no candidates and excluded quirk masses up to ~179 GeV for infracolor confinement scales between 300 eV and 100 keV.
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Off-shell Higgs boson measurements: Yukawa couplings, self-coupling, compositeness, and width
Using off-shell Higgs production in 138 fb^-1 of 13 TeV CMS data, the collaboration measured Γ_H = 5.1^{+2.0}_{-1.8} MeV, excluded no off-shell production at >5σ, and set the first direct 95% CL lower bound Λ_H > 870 ...
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Measurement of the jet mass in hadronic decays of boosted W bosons at 13 TeV and extraction of the W boson mass
Unfolded double-differential W+jets cross section versus jet p_T and soft-drop mass yields m_W = 80.83 ± 0.55 GeV, the most precise all-jets extraction at a hadron collider.
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Search for heavy long-lived charged particles with level-1 trigger scouting data from proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV
A triggerless CMS dataset yields first low-speed heavy charged particle limits, excluding fiducial cross sections down to 3.5 fb.
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Search for single production of a vector-like T quark decaying to a top quark and a neutral scalar boson in the lepton+jets final state in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
No evidence of a single vector-like T quark decaying to a top quark plus a neutral scalar is found; new 95% CL exclusion limits are set, first for the new-scalar channel.
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Model-agnostic search for dijet resonances with anomalous jet substructure in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
A model-agnostic CMS search for dijet resonances with anomalous jet substructure finds no excess and reports first exclusion limits on several benchmark signals, with ML anomaly detection improving sensitivity over in...
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Search for dark matter in a signature with a four-prong large-radius jet in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
No significant excess is observed in the four-prong large-radius jet + MET signature; 95% CL upper limits are set on the signal strength versus mediator mass or χ₂χ₁Y₀ coupling.
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Toward a Measurement of the Higgs Boson Mass with Natural-Width Precision at FCC-ee
A fast-simulation study projects a 4.0 MeV Higgs boson mass measurement at FCC-ee using the leptonic ZH recoil-mass technique, dominated by statistical uncertainty.
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Search for a resonance in events with four top quarks decaying into two leptons and jets in proton-proton collisions
No significant excess is observed in a search for top-philic resonances in four-top-quark events with two leptons, and 95% confidence-level upper limits are set for mediator masses from 500 GeV to 4 TeV.
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Combination of vector boson scattering measurements in leptonic final states in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
A simultaneous profile-likelihood fit of all CMS leptonic vector boson scattering channels finds signal strengths consistent with the standard model and provides a charge-separated measurement of W boson production.
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Search for a top-philic Z' boson decaying into a $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$ pair in a final state with jets and an electron or muon in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV
CMS sees no evidence for a top-philic Z' boson decaying to top-quark pairs and sets the tightest published cross-section limits for masses between 0.5 and 3 TeV.
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Search for soft unclustered energy patterns in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV using data scouting
No SUEP signal is observed in CMS scouting data; the search sets the most stringent limits to date on gluon-fusion production of heavy scalars decaying to SUEP-like final states.
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Search for nonresonant triple Higgs boson production in the final state with six bottom quarks in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
No excess is observed; the 95% CL upper limit on nonresonant HHH→6b is 44 fb (588×SM), with κ3 constrained to −7.4 < κ3 < 12.4 (κ4=1) and κ4 to −177 < κ4 < 185 (κ3=1).
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Search for Higgs boson production at high transverse momentum in the WW decay channel in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
A first dedicated search for highly Lorentz-boosted H->WW decays at the LHC finds mu = -0.19 +0.48/-0.46, consistent with no signal above background.
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Search for pair production of heavy resonances in final states with a photon and large-radius jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
Using 138 fb^-1 of CMS data, the first tt-gamma-g channel search finds no excess and excludes spin-1/2 (spin-3/2) excited top quarks below 930 (1330) GeV.
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Measurement and effective field theory interpretation of the photon-fusion production cross section of a pair of W bosons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
CMS observes photon-fusion W+W- production at 13 TeV with >5 sigma significance and measures sigma = 643 +82/-78 fb, consistent with the standard-model prediction of 631 +/- 126 fb.
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Search for heavy resonances decaying into two Higgs bosons in the $\mathrm{b\bar{b}}\tau^+\tau^-$ final state in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
No excess is observed in resonant Higgs pair production in the bb tau tau final state; 95% CL limits are set on spin-0 and spin-2 resonance cross sections from 1 to 4.5 TeV.
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Combination of searches for heavy vector boson resonances in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
A CMS combination of searches finds no heavy vector boson resonance and excludes HVT W′/Z′ bosons below 5.5 TeV (weak coupling), 4.8 TeV (strong coupling), and 2.0 TeV for VBF production at 95% CL.
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Search for long-lived particles using displaced vertices with low-momentum tracks in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
A displaced-vertex search for compressed-spectrum long-lived particles excludes top squarks up to about 1100 GeV and wino-like neutralinos up to about 550 GeV, the strongest limits on these benchmark models.
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Search for dark matter production in association with bottom quarks and a lepton pair in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
First dedicated CMS search for bb + dilepton + missing transverse momentum in the 2HDM+a model finds no signal and sets 95% CL cross-section limits of 10^-2 to 10^-3 pb for mH = 400-2000 GeV.
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Higgs Signal Strength Estimation with Machine Learning under Systematic Uncertainties
SAGE, a dual-branch GNN trained under nuisance fluctuations, estimates the Higgs signal strength with near-nominal coverage (0.662-0.683) but wider intervals than the top FAIR-HUC leaderboard methods.
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Search for a Higgs boson produced in association with a charm quark and decaying to a W boson pair in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
The first search for a Higgs boson produced with a charm quark and decaying to a W-boson pair sees no excess, and combined with the diphoton channel limits the Higgs-charm coupling to below 47 times the standard model...
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A joint explanation for the soft lepton and monojet LHC excesses in the wino-bino model
A combined fit to four LHC Run 2 searches prefers a wino-bino supersymmetric spectrum with m(wino) ~ 320 GeV and mass splitting ~ 20 GeV, compatible with bino dark matter.
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Measurement of WWZ and ZH production cross sections at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 and 13.6 TeV
The WWZ and ZH production rates match the standard model, with a combined significance of 4.5 standard deviations and first evidence at 13.6 TeV.
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Search for dark matter produced in association with one or two top quarks in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
A search for dark matter produced with one or two top quarks finds no significant signal and excludes scalar and pseudoscalar mediator masses below 310 and 320 GeV at 95% confidence.
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Search for an exotic decay of the 125 GeV Higgs boson to a pair of light pseudoscalars in the final state of two muons and two c-quarks in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13\;\text{TeV}$ with CMS Open Data
The first search for h->aa->mumu cc in LHC data sets 95% CL upper limits down to 3.3e-4 on sigma/sigma_SM times the branching fraction, excluding new parameter space in 2HDM+S models.
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Proof of principle for a light dark matter search with low-energy positron beams at NA64
A 70 GeV positron-beam missing-energy search at NA64 found zero signal events and set new dark photon limits, demonstrating the feasibility of a future low-energy positron program.
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Search for a neutral gauge boson with nonuniversal fermion couplings in vector boson fusion processes in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
CMS finds no evidence for a VBF-produced Z' boson with nonuniversal fermion couplings and excludes masses up to 2.45 TeV (tau-tau) and 1.60 TeV (WW), assuming 50% branching fractions and maximal W coupling.
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Measurement of the W boson decay branching fraction ratio $\mathcal{B}$(W $\to$ cq) / $\mathcal{B}$(W $\to$ $\mathrm{q\bar{q}'}$) in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
Using 138 inverse femtobarns of 13 TeV proton-proton collisions, CMS measured the W to charm branching fraction ratio as 0.489 ± 0.020, consistent with the Standard Model.
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Search for heavy neutral Higgs bosons A and H in the $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$Z channel in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV
A CMS search in a previously unexplored final state finds no heavy neutral Higgs signal and sets the most stringent limits to date on the A to ZH to tt process at high masses.
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Constraints on standard model effective field theory for a Higgs boson produced in association with W or Z bosons in the H $\to\mathrm{b\bar{b}}$ decay channel in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
CMS reports simultaneous constraints on six dimension-six SMEFT Wilson coefficients from VH, H to bb production at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV; all results agree with the standard model.
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Measurement of the $\gamma\gamma \to \tau \tau$ cross section and constraints on the anomalous magnetic moment of the $\tau$ lepton in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV
CMS measures gamma-gamma -> tau+tau- in PbPb UPCs and constrains the tau anomalous magnetic moment to -0.039 < a_tau < 0.032 (95% CL), with a fiducial cross-section of 555+60-14 microbarns.
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Search for the pair production of long-lived supersymmetric partners of the tau lepton in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
No long-lived staus are observed; CMS excludes stau masses up to 425 GeV at 50 mm lifetime (mass-degenerate) and decay lengths 21-94 mm / 6-333 mm at 200 GeV.
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Search for dark matter produced in association with a Higgs boson decaying to bottom quarks in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
A CMS search with 138 fb^-1 of 13 TeV data finds no dark matter produced with a Higgs boson decaying to bottom quarks, and sets 95% CL exclusions on Z' and 2HDM+a model parameters.
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Search for a boosted Higgs boson decaying to bottom quark pairs in association with a W or Z boson in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
In 138 fb^-1 of 13 TeV proton collisions, CMS measures the boosted VH, H->bb signal strength as mu=0.72^{+0.75}_{-0.71}, consistent with the Standard Model.
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Search for resonant production of pairs of dijet resonances through broad mediators in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
A CMS reinterpretation of the 138 inverse femtobarn dijet-pair search finds the 8.6 TeV excess persists when the mediator width is increased to 10%, with local significance 3.6 standard deviations.
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Search for bosons of an extended Higgs sector in b quark final states in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
A CMS search for additional Higgs bosons decaying to bottom quarks finds no signal and sets the most stringent limits to date in the high-mass regime.
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Measurement of the inclusive WZ production cross section in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV
The CMS experiment measured the inclusive WZ production cross section at 13.6 TeV and found it consistent with Standard Model predictions.
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SymbolFit: Automatic Parametric Modeling with Symbolic Regression
Symbolic regression with a re-optimization step automates parametric modeling of binned high-energy physics data and provides uncertainty estimates.
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A measurement of the Higgs boson mass in the diphoton decay channel in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
CMS measures the Higgs mass in H→γγ with 138 fb⁻¹ at 13 TeV as 125.13 ± 0.15 GeV, and 125.06 ± 0.14 GeV when combined with 7+8 TeV diphoton data.
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Search for a new neutral gauge boson produced in association with one or two b jets and decaying into a pair of muons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
No Z' boson decaying to muon pairs and produced with b jets appears in 138 fb⁻¹ of CMS data, yielding first 95% CL limits of 0.2–2 fb on σ×B×A×ε across 125–350 GeV.
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SubMIT: A Physics Analysis Facility at MIT
SubMIT is a working prototype analysis facility providing fast interactive access to large data, local batch resources, and distributed computing, demonstrated through benchmarks and published CMS and FCC analyses.
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Measurements of Higgs boson production cross section in the four-lepton final state in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV
At sqrt(s)=13.6 TeV, the H->ZZ->4l fiducial production cross section is measured to be 2.89 +0.53/-0.49 (stat) +0.29/-0.21 (syst) fb, agreeing with the SM prediction 3.09 +0.27/-0.24 fb.
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Measurement of light-by-light scattering and the Breit-Wheeler process, and search for axion-like particles in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV
In PbPb ultraperipheral collisions at 5.02 TeV, CMS measured the Breit-Wheeler and light-by-light fiducial cross sections in agreement with QED and set the most stringent axion-like particle limits in the 5-10 GeV mass range.
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Search for heavy neutral resonances decaying to tau lepton pairs in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
Using 138 fb^-1 of 13 TeV proton-proton collisions, CMS finds no tau-pair resonance and sets its strongest limit yet on Z' bosons.
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