Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models

As of 10 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 100 of 101 outbound references and 7 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2506.22521.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.22521 v1

Coverage vector

measured 100 of 101 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:15.592129Z

measured 107 of 107 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00

measured 7 of 7 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T19:25:28.225085Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-07-02T13:46:59.644121Z

Reference resolution

100 of 101 outbound references displayed

verified exact5
verified fuzzy3
unresolved91
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch1

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 2398f851-d03c-4058-8452-a1542f67d4b2 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:06.974822Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 75d8be74-36bd-45ba-9afb-f98696a5faa0 · outbound

This paper cites LLM Security: Vulnerabilities, Attacks, Defenses, and Countermeasures.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models LLM Security: Vulnerabilities, Attacks, Defenses, and Countermeasures

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:07.048540Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b221ff90-290d-473e-b766-4c9226296313 · outbound

This paper cites Formal Local Implication Between Two Neural Networks.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Formal Local Implication Between Two Neural Networks

Reference 3

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:16.966996Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation f7fc6fd1-0cf8-4c4c-abfc-e4f68de14a67 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:07.235866Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 595b52f3-0a8b-46de-9fde-a94212a96ecb · outbound

This paper cites Stealing Part of a Production Language Model.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Stealing Part of a Production Language Model

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:07.379249Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 86195a57-c33e-4c1c-aeb3-d6275d7d8f80 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:07.534176Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 813c214a-7401-45b6-966f-cde9659e2794 · outbound

This paper cites Killing One Bird with Two Stones: Model Extraction and Attribute Inference Attacks against BERT-based APIs.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Killing One Bird with Two Stones: Model Extraction and Attribute Inference Attacks against BERT-based APIs

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:07.623942Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2915912e-4524-4069-9543-c9c1df610d22 · outbound

This paper cites MISLEADER: Defending against Model Extraction with Ensembles of Distilled Models.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models MISLEADER: Defending against Model Extraction with Ensembles of Distilled Models

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:07.680268Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 66fd9ebb-802e-465a-a04d-4eb1bc370a6e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:07.745278Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c2a8dc19-1ea9-42a7-8ce4-434b9a648dda · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:07.871673Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 82c264c8-4685-4d0f-b45d-e6a6f3417981 · outbound

This paper cites Stealing Training Data from Large Language Models in Decentralized Training through Activation Inversion Attack.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Stealing Training Data from Large Language Models in Decentralized Training through Activation Inversion Attack

Reference 11

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:16.820213Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 9e9e71f8-d2de-47c3-bb0a-f4c105fc184e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:08.040547Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 494b16ce-46b0-43f1-9610-1f1e99feb159 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:08.101819Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation f027d4f4-8682-4088-8642-ca1e89009efc · outbound

This paper cites Safeguarding Large Language Models: A Survey.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Safeguarding Large Language Models: A Survey

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:08.161276Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation f64e01b3-69a4-4da3-a117-3f6fa7c8a78d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:08.211044Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 6f50738d-bfb7-4262-9fe7-fb40f53a1637 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:08.281201Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0c1b0d1b-33c1-4d62-86d2-06662740f358 · outbound

This paper cites Privacy Backdoors: Stealing Data with Corrupted Pretrained Models.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Privacy Backdoors: Stealing Data with Corrupted Pretrained Models

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:08.327340Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 08de176b-c3b3-455e-8ee3-0816d14c6f66 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:08.391485Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6c18a227-d428-48ae-9285-a172b9e4dc6d · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:08.443923Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fef00b4a-a03c-461e-b9c9-0382cfbf997d · outbound

This paper cites Covert Malicious Finetuning: Challenges in Safeguarding LLM Adaptation.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Covert Malicious Finetuning: Challenges in Safeguarding LLM Adaptation

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:08.525510Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d3a68d82-59ec-4310-abda-8c915c5b8367 · outbound

This paper cites Model Extraction and Adversarial Transferability, Your BERT is Vulnerable!.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Model Extraction and Adversarial Transferability, Your BERT is Vulnerable!

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:08.608293Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 424c1ece-b40f-47e6-b862-5afefcf5c839 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:08.742385Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f5191ddf-4cf7-40c6-9bfc-bd44d77bee5f · outbound

This paper cites Distilling Step-by-Step! Outperforming Larger Language Models with Less Training Data and Smaller Model Sizes.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Distilling Step-by-Step! Outperforming Larger Language Models with Less Training Data and Smaller Model Sizes

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:08.855007Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ac128d7f-af75-4c04-aaf9-9e5d4e0bc0d8 · outbound

This paper cites Are Large Pre-Trained Language Models Leaking Your Personal Information?.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Are Large Pre-Trained Language Models Leaking Your Personal Information?

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:08.974437Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d7c69f25-f84b-4e19-b3ab-0bfb19014bd0 · outbound

This paper cites O1 Replication Journey -- Part 2: Surpassing O1-preview through Simple Distillation, Big Progress or Bitter Lesson?.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models O1 Replication Journey -- Part 2: Surpassing O1-preview through Simple Distillation, Big Progress or Bitter Lesson?

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:08.994979Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation baf3cea4-38b0-4dde-824a-fc5730258425 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:09.049938Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 52b5e293-f567-4c89-8fa1-e2535b557575 · outbound

This paper cites Chiron: Privacy-preserving Machine Learning as a Service.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Chiron: Privacy-preserving Machine Learning as a Service

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:09.090342Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 166351fe-48a7-49b6-a850-bbd55de4b05c · outbound

This paper cites Knowledge Sanitization of Large Language Models.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Knowledge Sanitization of Large Language Models

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:09.122942Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 37931c93-a92f-4b00-a32f-078114260d62 · outbound

This paper cites Mimicking the Familiar: Dynamic Command Generation for Information Theft Attacks in LLM Tool-Learning System.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Mimicking the Familiar: Dynamic Command Generation for Information Theft Attacks in LLM Tool-Learning System

Reference 29

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:16.589663Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 0a983116-4105-4cc3-bd06-77d4d0dc7e94 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:09.195004Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4a25376f-8341-4afb-92af-933af82310b5 · outbound

This paper cites NSML: Meet the MLaaS platform with a real-world case study.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models NSML: Meet the MLaaS platform with a real-world case study

Reference 31

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:16.450478Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 3b7fa80b-7d16-43e4-a1bd-2c51d1e7a372 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:09.270226Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bb03acb5-ef52-4b46-8ded-a2611c494c83 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:09.303247Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5f78bc3e-263f-4284-9726-c9c35b640d6b · outbound

This paper cites Quantification of Large Language Model Distillation.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Quantification of Large Language Model Distillation

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:09.334313Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 49a2934e-3e88-4691-af76-f080bb4b94aa · outbound

This paper cites A Theoretical Insight into Attack and Defense of Gradient Leakage in Transformer.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models A Theoretical Insight into Attack and Defense of Gradient Leakage in Transformer

Reference 35

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:16.180666Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 6bcdc331-7bb6-4574-8b97-f54af23d00f6 · outbound

This paper cites LLM-PBE: Assessing Data Privacy in Large Language Models.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models LLM-PBE: Assessing Data Privacy in Large Language Models

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:09.451168Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 575c6901-7d5c-4db3-8fcf-477b3b45c935 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:09.543289Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a7cc71d8-d58f-4172-ab3d-18e0744cdbcd · outbound

This paper cites CoreGuard: Safeguarding Foundational Capabilities of LLMs Against Model Stealing in Edge Deployment.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models CoreGuard: Safeguarding Foundational Capabilities of LLMs Against Model Stealing in Edge Deployment

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:09.641598Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 414498dc-713b-4933-89a7-c561d909e403 · outbound

This paper cites Why Are My Prompts Leaked? Unraveling Prompt Extraction Threats in Customized Large Language Models.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Why Are My Prompts Leaked? Unraveling Prompt Extraction Threats in Customized Large Language Models

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:09.752446Z

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Observation 35101cee-74c0-4ece-9014-a692e50bcf58 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:09.858187Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cdc67eb1-ba8a-4767-aa08-aa845c08991d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:09.989598Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3fab3d04-a375-4120-8cc8-2a9b22dff6ce · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:10.203179Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a0f10463-8501-40b1-90ce-9e08b01b0baa · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:10.359508Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c6dd6641-807f-4a9d-9a1e-c28e1c7bf46c · outbound

This paper cites Safety at Scale: A Comprehensive Survey of Large Model and Agent Safety.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Safety at Scale: A Comprehensive Survey of Large Model and Agent Safety

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:10.476651Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b665780f-8ac9-40ed-bf5f-9c4d257f5c1a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 45

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:10.574602Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e4d1c035-f36c-4bd1-ae46-aca0a3daf627 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 46

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:10.688202Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 83a9c812-9659-4f11-8582-cc1bd739ba40 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 47

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:10.764964Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8e17d5d8-c715-4b20-b1f7-5e23f2a13a4c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 48

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:20.593814Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 2ba1a20e-cdaa-4a6e-8313-6fe1e0a201cf · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 49

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:20.421495Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 6d2b8218-9c5c-45b9-95ee-1ac0e47184dd · outbound

This paper cites Canary Extraction in Natural Language Understanding Models.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Canary Extraction in Natural Language Understanding Models

Reference 50

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:11.112248Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fb9729dd-18f4-4716-b14a-cbe114419238 · outbound

This paper cites Can Sensitive Information Be Deleted From LLMs? Objectives for Defending Against Extraction Attacks.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Can Sensitive Information Be Deleted From LLMs? Objectives for Defending Against Extraction Attacks

Reference 51

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:11.236791Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 58f12026-5f11-4583-a23b-dd7e3e07971c · outbound

This paper cites Ignore Previous Prompt: Attack Techniques For Language Models.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Ignore Previous Prompt: Attack Techniques For Language Models

Reference 52

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:11.340897Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cf148e82-01b7-4ab0-9655-3bebba2d0d99 · outbound

This paper cites IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security (2025).

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security (2025)

Reference 53

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:20.249055Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation ee4f3b3a-defe-405c-883d-5f473e192fab · outbound

This paper cites O1 Replication Journey: A Strategic Progress Report -- Part 1.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models O1 Replication Journey: A Strategic Progress Report -- Part 1

Reference 54

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:11.516566Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1904113c-5053-440e-9d00-83043e14b14d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 55

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:19.914269Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 796ee537-196b-43ac-9b04-5bacd9595e75 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 56

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:19.740096Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 4733a219-78ad-4ea1-b9c4-0a7870d30ff9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 57

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:20.089179Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 63f4b6cd-de1b-40b3-8df2-48e9f87b9622 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 58

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:11.921402Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9825971f-2c92-4fc7-91c0-eb14489348fc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 59

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:19.444138Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 0f32f5e9-9f53-4110-9218-1a606c87f3a8 · outbound

This paper cites Prompt Stealing Attacks Against Large Language Models.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Prompt Stealing Attacks Against Large Language Models

Reference 60

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:12.077506Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cd27cffd-28f9-4678-8d23-d1d3259bb9b8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 61

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:19.594263Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 1fb8c34e-e8ac-4233-ae90-20fd0df7c25d · outbound

This paper cites Knowledge Distillation Using Frontier Open-source LLMs: Generalizability and the Role of Synthetic Data.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Knowledge Distillation Using Frontier Open-source LLMs: Generalizability and the Role of Synthetic Data

Reference 62

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:12.214721Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 9b7ebe0c-ef73-4c7b-ad1a-ebf5e3388578 · outbound

This paper cites Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models

Reference 63

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:12.333002Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fdcf7902-4e76-457c-ba98-f3bbea9fdd5a · outbound

This paper cites Threat Modelling and Risk Analysis for Large Language Model (LLM)-Powered Applications.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Threat Modelling and Risk Analysis for Large Language Model (LLM)-Powered Applications

Reference 64

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:12.456490Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 334dbff6-1446-4092-a5c5-0d15da67b47a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 65

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:19.307669Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation df4d7e6e-6d66-415b-8b9e-9a6e591a1f1e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 66

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:18.970842Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation d419727c-1a53-4ce0-8e7a-c0807b2676e7 · outbound

This paper cites Pandora's White-Box: Precise Training Data Detection and Extraction in Large Language Models.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Pandora's White-Box: Precise Training Data Detection and Extraction in Large Language Models

Reference 67

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:12.946067Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation a8c4606c-5d29-4175-bb32-4681329b3327 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 68

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:18.765104Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation bbf6e9cf-83a4-4162-bc5f-a61aa0ba2ad3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 69

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:12.540549Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 4913b927-0fef-41b0-9afc-5aea364be67f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 70

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:18.575640Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 50ce3b78-68cc-423b-a636-1b5a79d7f66f · outbound

This paper cites LLM Access Shield: Domain-Specific LLM Framework for Privacy Policy Compliance.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models LLM Access Shield: Domain-Specific LLM Framework for Privacy Policy Compliance

Reference 71

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:13.332629Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 83eede65-e0ce-482c-868c-6ef84a9b6a07 · outbound

This paper cites Exploring Safety-Utility Trade-Offs in Personalized Language Models.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Exploring Safety-Utility Trade-Offs in Personalized Language Models

Reference 72

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:12.849270Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 714e8aaf-4dbc-4487-a8a7-24d05e0ffff2 · outbound

This paper cites Self-Guard: Empower the LLM to Safeguard Itself.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Self-Guard: Empower the LLM to Safeguard Itself

Reference 73

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:13.547730Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 97a3e768-11c2-4875-ba25-2391f2a5a4f3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 74

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:13.644329Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 33f1294a-2061-4c77-8d9e-241a9488d937 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 75

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:13.174757Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6d71d491-0fd2-47e7-8851-a7c988f11eb6 · outbound

This paper cites Instructional Fingerprinting of Large Language Models.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Instructional Fingerprinting of Large Language Models

Reference 76

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:13.891780Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 48ee890e-7c42-429c-889b-409e0712e05d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 77

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:18.257138Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 5a5009c7-f14d-4d84-9613-fc717f72f050 · outbound

This paper cites CEGA: A Cost-Effective Approach for Graph-Based Model Extraction and Acquisition.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models CEGA: A Cost-Effective Approach for Graph-Based Model Extraction and Acquisition

Reference 78

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:13.439026Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6ef0bd52-3ed9-4569-8b46-a4db255cc0f6 · outbound

This paper cites On Protecting the Data Privacy of Large Language Models (LLMs): A Survey.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models On Protecting the Data Privacy of Large Language Models (LLMs): A Survey

Reference 79

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:14.258712Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0d1b299f-30af-4166-a7da-a6ee2e51a682 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 80

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:18.145568Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 8de8956d-67ad-4f0d-ad42-9390d94212fa · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 81

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:18.400001Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation c7c31459-26ba-4ccc-b81b-38289a286e9f · outbound

This paper cites A New Era in LLM Security: Exploring Security Concerns in Real-World LLM-based Systems.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models A New Era in LLM Security: Exploring Security Concerns in Real-World LLM-based Systems

Reference 82

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:13.812550Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 684ab5db-7f94-4741-884c-7fed5635497d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 83

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:17.796278Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation b1b6b602-885d-4f1e-8f1a-7aeb96539e19 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 84

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:14.739373Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation de9510f7-5796-4106-915b-36e40244eb41 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 85

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:17.599962Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 0ce7fa8f-8630-4980-9495-8b48523e056b · outbound

This paper cites A Survey of Attacks on Large Language Models.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models A Survey of Attacks on Large Language Models

Reference 86

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:14.155540Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8874d12e-e76b-4ddc-906a-4775b6e0e6bf · outbound

This paper cites Extracting Prompts by Inverting LLM Outputs.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Extracting Prompts by Inverting LLM Outputs

Reference 87

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:14.977637Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c959318c-2c94-485b-b91c-e0b754d77164 · outbound

This paper cites Text Revealer: Private Text Reconstruction via Model Inversion Attacks against Transformers.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Text Revealer: Private Text Reconstruction via Model Inversion Attacks against Transformers

Reference 88

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:15.086759Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 34ec3a25-49fe-407c-86ee-caa82727497e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 89

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:17.990943Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 807e4040-7156-476e-9b88-83bb1288595f · outbound

This paper cites PRSA: Prompt Stealing Attacks against Real-World Prompt Services.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models PRSA: Prompt Stealing Attacks against Real-World Prompt Services

Reference 90

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:14.572740Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 227c6367-f520-45d9-be7c-385f467585e9 · outbound

This paper cites Ethicist: Targeted Training Data Extraction Through Loss Smoothed Soft Prompting and Calibrated Confidence Estimation.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Ethicist: Targeted Training Data Extraction Through Loss Smoothed Soft Prompting and Calibrated Confidence Estimation

Reference 91

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:15.392554Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 85bd9cc7-b88c-4a73-98d0-58efb115df1e · outbound

This paper cites A Survey of Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses in Distributed Computing Environments.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models A Survey of Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses in Distributed Computing Environments

Reference 92

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:15.516612Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 745aa0d3-29fe-4acd-b2df-43ec687349b1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 93

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:17.103630Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 14d07726-652b-49e5-aaea-35118d2f9309 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 94

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:17.415075Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 6263a334-77df-4317-9fdc-93ac596cbade · outbound

This paper cites 2024.{REMARK-LLM}: A robust and efficient watermarking framework for generative large language models.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models 2024.{REMARK-LLM}: A robust and efficient watermarking framework for generative large language models

Reference 97

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:17.237467Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation c5a768ec-1d06-4edb-92ef-b95b61d051ac · outbound

This paper cites PersonaMark: Personalized LLM watermarking for model protection and user attribution.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models PersonaMark: Personalized LLM watermarking for model protection and user attribution

Reference 98

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:15.269056Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6bd404c4-2909-44b4-9fd7-b62fab932c8c · outbound

This paper cites In 25th USENIX security symposium (USENIX Security 16).

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models In 25th USENIX security symposium (USENIX Security 16)

Reference 2016

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:19.143125Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation cc3e6327-d802-4afe-9a57-48e462c2f2dd · outbound

This paper cites Student Surpasses Teacher: Imitation Attack for Black-Box NLP APIs.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Student Surpasses Teacher: Imitation Attack for Black-Box NLP APIs

Reference 2021

Resolution: metadata mismatch; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:15.793737Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 73b10eb1-71ed-441d-88f6-30ce08ce716d · outbound

This paper cites Model Leeching: An Extraction Attack Targeting LLMs.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Model Leeching: An Extraction Attack Targeting LLMs

Reference 2023

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:07.300309Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ecb55eae-00d6-4685-a7c3-72ae95c819d6 · outbound

This paper cites Recent Advances in Attack and Defense Approaches of Large Language Models.

A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models Recent Advances in Attack and Defense Approaches of Large Language Models

Reference 2024

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:23:07.928217Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation 0899af40-fcb9-46b6-be23-5dcdf70cfccb · inbound

DESIGN: Encrypted GNN Inference via Server-Side Input Graph Pruning cites this paper.

DESIGN: Encrypted GNN Inference via Server-Side Input Graph Pruning A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models

Reference 50

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:25:28.225085Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e1f01ec2-4229-432d-baaa-1229b4fed8e9 · inbound

Intellectual Property in Graph-Based Machine Learning as a Service: Attacks and Defenses cites this paper.

Intellectual Property in Graph-Based Machine Learning as a Service: Attacks and Defenses A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T15:39:55.309520Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5242f9f1-cb04-4943-9899-28e1f8cc7f67 · inbound

Safety, Security, and Cognitive Risks in World Models cites this paper.

Safety, Security, and Cognitive Risks in World Models A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models

Reference 63

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T22:38:22.216385Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation 466077d7-06da-4c35-81bb-a5e36cad3810 · inbound

GraphIP-Bench: How Hard Is It to Steal a Graph Neural Network, and Can We Stop It? cites this paper.

GraphIP-Bench: How Hard Is It to Steal a Graph Neural Network, and Can We Stop It? A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models

Reference 40

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-14T19:29:23.816144Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation e3d7d8cf-cd30-4eee-a821-bbd96844d44e · inbound

GraphIP-Bench: How Hard Is It to Steal a Graph Neural Network, and Can We Stop It? cites this paper.

GraphIP-Bench: How Hard Is It to Steal a Graph Neural Network, and Can We Stop It? A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models

Reference 38

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-30T21:55:05.390154Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation c8bbc0bb-8948-4aba-9686-78b4152238a1 · inbound

Can Subgraph Explanations Be Weaponized to Steal Graph Neural Networks? cites this paper.

Can Subgraph Explanations Be Weaponized to Steal Graph Neural Networks? A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models

Reference 45

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-29T08:33:14.859128Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.

Observation aec7fd9f-2f64-4543-ac97-763dc6e5a408 · inbound

An Embarrassingly Simple Detector for Model Extraction Attacks in Large Language Model API Traffic cites this paper.

An Embarrassingly Simple Detector for Model Extraction Attacks in Large Language Model API Traffic A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models

Reference 4

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-02T13:46:59.645932Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-10T06:31:04.303077+00:00.