SARL rewards reasoning topology to improve label-free RL, outperforming baselines with gains up to 44.7% on math and 34.6% on open-ended tasks while maintaining more stable training.
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GSAR is a grounding-evaluation framework for multi-agent LLMs that uses a four-way claim typology, evidence-weighted asymmetric scoring, and tiered recovery decisions to detect and mitigate hallucinations.
GenAC introduces generative critics with chain-of-thought reasoning and in-context conditioning to improve value approximation and downstream RL performance in LLMs compared to value-based and value-free baselines.
LRS trains a latent reward model on final-answer correctness to steer SAE states during inference, improving reasoning performance and implicitly encouraging better cognitive behaviors.
Set-to-set distances on sentence embeddings provide a permutation-invariant reward signal that improves GRPO training and enables efficient test-time scaling for vision-language models generating chest X-ray reports.
ExpGraph builds a graph of summarized agent experiences and uses graph diffusion plus an RL-trained retrieval copilot to improve frozen LLM executors on QA, math, code, and agentic tasks without parameter updates.
VeriGate adds verifier-gated step-level supervision to GRPO via cumulated PRM rewards and group-normalized token advantages, raising accuracy 20% and 12% on 1.5B and 7B models on MATH and six benchmarks.
BetaPRM learns distributional step rewards with explicit reliability via Beta-Binomial modeling, enabling ACA that cuts token use by up to 33.57% while raising final-answer accuracy on reasoning benchmarks.
STRIDE co-trains generator and verifier on outcome rewards alone to deliver learnable stepwise language feedback that redirects LLM reasoning trajectories and outperforms scalar-reward baselines.
AutoPyVerifier learns compact sets of executable Python verifiers from labeled LLM outputs via LLM synthesis and DAG search, improving objective prediction by up to 55 F1 points and downstream LLM accuracy by up to 17 points.
GRIL uses stage-specific RL rewards to train LLMs to detect missing premises, pause proactively, and resume grounded reasoning after clarification, yielding up to 45% better premise detection and 30% higher task success on insufficient math datasets.
NPR trains LLMs to reason in parallel via self-distilled RL, delivering up to 24.5% performance gains and 4.6x speedups with 100% genuine parallel execution on reasoning benchmarks.
PROF curates RL training data via PRM-ORM consistency to improve both final-answer accuracy and intermediate reasoning quality while reducing reliance on strong process reward models.
Fin-PRM is a domain-specialized process reward model that supplies binary step-level and trajectory-level supervision signals for financial reasoning in LLMs and outperforms general PRMs on CFLUE and FinQA benchmarks.
RaR uses aggregated rubric feedback as rewards in on-policy RL, delivering up to 31% relative gains on HealthBench and 7% on GPQA-Diamond versus direct Likert LLM-as-judge baselines.
TRACE is a new metric for assessing LLM CoT reasoning structure via Toulmin and Flavell frameworks, showing r=0.74 correlation with accuracy on 26.3K samples and utility as an RL reward.
A survey compiling RL methods, challenges, data resources, and applications for enhancing reasoning in large language models and large reasoning models since DeepSeek-R1.
citing papers explorer
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SARL: Label-Free Reinforcement Learning by Rewarding Reasoning Topology
SARL rewards reasoning topology to improve label-free RL, outperforming baselines with gains up to 44.7% on math and 34.6% on open-ended tasks while maintaining more stable training.
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GSAR: Typed Grounding for Hallucination Detection and Recovery in Multi-Agent LLMs
GSAR is a grounding-evaluation framework for multi-agent LLMs that uses a four-way claim typology, evidence-weighted asymmetric scoring, and tiered recovery decisions to detect and mitigate hallucinations.
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Bringing Value Models Back: Generative Critics for Value Modeling in LLM Reinforcement Learning
GenAC introduces generative critics with chain-of-thought reasoning and in-context conditioning to improve value approximation and downstream RL performance in LLMs compared to value-based and value-free baselines.
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Latent Reward Steering: An Adaptive Inference-Time Framework that Implicitly Promotes Cognitive Behaviors in Reasoning LLMs
LRS trains a latent reward model on final-answer correctness to steer SAE states during inference, improving reasoning performance and implicitly encouraging better cognitive behaviors.
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SDR: Set-Distance Rewards for Radiology Report Generation
Set-to-set distances on sentence embeddings provide a permutation-invariant reward signal that improves GRPO training and enables efficient test-time scaling for vision-language models generating chest X-ray reports.
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ExpGraph: Model-Agnostic Experience Learning with Graph-Structured Memory for LLM Agents
ExpGraph builds a graph of summarized agent experiences and uses graph diffusion plus an RL-trained retrieval copilot to improve frozen LLM executors on QA, math, code, and agentic tasks without parameter updates.
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VeriGate: Verifier-Gated Step-Level Supervision for GRPO
VeriGate adds verifier-gated step-level supervision to GRPO via cumulated PRM rewards and group-normalized token advantages, raising accuracy 20% and 12% on 1.5B and 7B models on MATH and six benchmarks.
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Process Rewards with Learned Reliability
BetaPRM learns distributional step rewards with explicit reliability via Beta-Binomial modeling, enabling ACA that cuts token use by up to 33.57% while raising final-answer accuracy on reasoning benchmarks.
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STRIDE: Learnable Stepwise Language Feedback for LLM Reasoning
STRIDE co-trains generator and verifier on outcome rewards alone to deliver learnable stepwise language feedback that redirects LLM reasoning trajectories and outperforms scalar-reward baselines.
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AutoPyVerifier: Learning Compact Executable Verifiers for Large Language Model Outputs
AutoPyVerifier learns compact sets of executable Python verifiers from labeled LLM outputs via LLM synthesis and DAG search, improving objective prediction by up to 55 F1 points and downstream LLM accuracy by up to 17 points.
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Pause or Fabricate? Training Language Models for Grounded Reasoning
GRIL uses stage-specific RL rewards to train LLMs to detect missing premises, pause proactively, and resume grounded reasoning after clarification, yielding up to 45% better premise detection and 30% higher task success on insufficient math datasets.
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Native Parallel Reasoner: Reasoning in Parallelism via Self-Distilled Reinforcement Learning
NPR trains LLMs to reason in parallel via self-distilled RL, delivering up to 24.5% performance gains and 4.6x speedups with 100% genuine parallel execution on reasoning benchmarks.
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Beyond Correctness: Harmonizing Process and Outcome Rewards through RL Training
PROF curates RL training data via PRM-ORM consistency to improve both final-answer accuracy and intermediate reasoning quality while reducing reliance on strong process reward models.
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Fin-PRM: A Domain-Specialized Process Reward Model for Financial Reasoning in Large Language Models
Fin-PRM is a domain-specialized process reward model that supplies binary step-level and trajectory-level supervision signals for financial reasoning in LLMs and outperforms general PRMs on CFLUE and FinQA benchmarks.
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Rubrics as Rewards: Reinforcement Learning Beyond Verifiable Domains
RaR uses aggregated rubric feedback as rewards in on-policy RL, delivering up to 31% relative gains on HealthBench and 7% on GPQA-Diamond versus direct Likert LLM-as-judge baselines.
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TRACE: Toulmin-based Reasoning Assessment through Constructive Elements for LLM CoT Evaluation
TRACE is a new metric for assessing LLM CoT reasoning structure via Toulmin and Flavell frameworks, showing r=0.74 correlation with accuracy on 26.3K samples and utility as an RL reward.
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A Survey of Reinforcement Learning for Large Reasoning Models
A survey compiling RL methods, challenges, data resources, and applications for enhancing reasoning in large language models and large reasoning models since DeepSeek-R1.
- Verifiable Counterfactual Supervision for Process Reward Models
- Rewarding the Scientific Process: Process-Level Reward Modeling for Agentic Data Analysis
- Internalizing Outcome Supervision into Process Supervision: A New Paradigm for Reinforcement Learning for Reasoning
- Cut Your Losses! Learning to Prune Paths Early for Efficient Parallel Reasoning
- Unleashing Implicit Rewards: Prefix-Value Learning for Distribution-Level Optimization