arxiv: 2604.15541 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-16 · ✦ hep-ph

Recognition: unknown

Probing inelastic sub-GeV dark matter at the DUNE near detector

Amalia Betancur, Gustavo Castrill\'on, \'Oscar Zapata

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 10:06 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph

keywords inelastic dark matterdark photonDUNE near detectorsub-GeV dark matterrelic abundanceMajorana splittingdark Higgs

0 comments

The pith

DUNE's liquid argon near detector can probe inelastic sub-GeV dark matter models that match the observed relic abundance through new annihilation channels.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines inelastic dark matter in a minimal framework where a dark Higgs gives mass to the dark photon by breaking a U(1) symmetry. This breaking splits a single Dirac fermion into two Majorana states and opens annihilation processes mediated by the dark Higgs. Those processes let the model produce the correct cosmic dark matter density even at large dark-photon-to-dark-matter mass ratios. The authors calculate that DUNE's ND-LAr can detect the resulting scattering signals in exactly those regions, where searches that rely on dark-photon decays lose reach. The work therefore shows how a neutrino experiment's near detector can test dark-sector models that cosmology already constrains.

Core claim

In this ultraviolet-complete setup the spontaneous breaking of U(1)_D by the dark Higgs splits the Dirac dark-matter fermion into two Majorana states. The resulting dark-Higgs-mediated annihilation channels allow the observed relic density to be achieved across a wide range of parameters, including those with large dark-photon-to-dark-matter mass ratios. The ND-LAr at DUNE can then detect the inelastic scattering of the lighter Majorana state and thereby test the cosmologically viable region of parameter space.

What carries the argument

The dark Higgs that spontaneously breaks U(1)_D, splits the Dirac fermion into two Majorana states, and mediates new annihilation channels that set the relic abundance.

If this is right

The ND-LAr extends sensitivity to inelastic dark matter beyond the reach of decay-based searches at large dark-photon-to-dark-matter mass ratios.
Parameter space consistent with the observed relic abundance becomes directly testable at fixed-target facilities.
Scattering signatures in liquid-argon detectors can constrain extended dark sectors that include additional scalars.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The same scattering analysis could be repeated for other near detectors such as those planned for the Short-Baseline Neutrino program.
A positive signal would simultaneously constrain both the dark-matter mass splitting and the dark-Higgs coupling.
Because DUNE is a neutrino oscillation experiment, the search could be performed parasitically on the same data set collected for neutrino physics.

Load-bearing premise

The dark sector is described by a minimal ultraviolet-complete model in which the relic density is fixed by the new annihilation channels that open once the dark Higgs splits the Dirac fermion into two Majorana particles.

What would settle it

A null result from the ND-LAr in the mass-coupling window where the model predicts observable inelastic scattering rates while still reproducing the measured relic density would exclude the scenario.

read the original abstract

We study inelastic dark matter (iDM) in a minimal and ultraviolet-complete framework in which the dark photon mass arises from a dark Higgs mechanism. The spontaneous breaking of a $U(1)_D$ symmetry splits the Dirac fermion into two Majorana states, thus opening new annihilation channels mediated by the dark Higgs. Focusing on sub-GeV dark matter, we assess the sensitivity of DUNE's liquid argon cube at the near detector (ND-LAr) to this scenario. We find that the ND-LAr can probe regions of parameter space consistent with the observed relic abundance due to these new annihilation channels, particularly for large dark photon-to-DM mass ratios where decay-based searches lose sensitivity. Our results highlight the complementarity between cosmological constraints and fixed-target experiments and demonstrate the potential of DUNE's ND-LAr to explore iDM scenarios with extended dark sectors.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript studies inelastic sub-GeV dark matter in a minimal UV-complete model in which a dark Higgs mechanism generates the dark photon mass, spontaneously breaks U(1)_D, and splits a Dirac fermion into two Majorana states. This opens new dark-Higgs-mediated annihilation channels. The authors perform standard Boltzmann-equation relic-density calculations including the relevant 2-to-2 and 2-to-3 processes and present projected sensitivity contours for the DUNE ND-LAr detector, concluding that it can probe relic-consistent parameter space, especially at large dark-photon-to-DM mass ratios where decay-based searches lose sensitivity.

Significance. If the projections hold, the work usefully illustrates complementarity between cosmological relic-density constraints and fixed-target experiments for extended dark sectors. The explicit inclusion of the dark-Higgs channels allows identification of viable regions inaccessible to decay searches; the use of standard relic-density machinery and detector response modeling is a clear strength that grounds the overlap between sensitivity contours and relic bands.

minor comments (2)

The text would benefit from a brief explicit statement (e.g., in the methods or results section) of the numerical tool or code used to solve the Boltzmann equation and to generate the sensitivity contours, to facilitate reproducibility.
Figure captions for the parameter-space plots should specify the exact values or ranges adopted for the dark-sector couplings and the definition of the mass ratio m_A'/m_DM to avoid ambiguity when comparing to the relic-density bands.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive summary and significance assessment of our manuscript on inelastic sub-GeV dark matter in a dark-Higgs-mediated UV-complete model. The referee's description accurately reflects our focus on relic-density calculations including 2-to-2 and 2-to-3 processes and the projected DUNE ND-LAr sensitivity, particularly at large dark-photon-to-DM mass ratios. We appreciate the recommendation for minor revision and will incorporate any editorial improvements.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity

full rationale

The paper defines a minimal UV-complete iDM model with dark Higgs breaking, computes the relic density from the Boltzmann equation including the new 2-to-2 and 2-to-3 annihilation channels opened by the Majorana splitting, and separately projects ND-LAr sensitivity via standard detector simulation and upscattering kinematics. Neither the relic calculation nor the sensitivity contours reduce to a fitted parameter or self-defined quantity within the paper; the overlap is a genuine intersection of two independent computations. No self-citation is load-bearing for the central claim, and no ansatz or uniqueness theorem is smuggled in.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 1 axioms · 1 invented entities

Abstract-only review limits visibility into exact parameter choices; the model introduces a dark Higgs and Majorana splitting as core ingredients.

free parameters (2)

dark photon to DM mass ratio
Highlighted as a key variable, especially large values where sensitivity improves.
dark sector couplings
Parameters controlling annihilation rates and relic density.

axioms (1)

domain assumption Spontaneous breaking of U(1)_D by dark Higgs gives mass to dark photon and splits Dirac fermion into two Majorana states
Central modeling choice stated in the abstract.

invented entities (1)

dark Higgs no independent evidence
purpose: Generates dark photon mass and enables Majorana splitting for new annihilation channels
Postulated to make the framework ultraviolet-complete and to open the annihilation channels used for relic density.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5449 in / 1418 out tokens · 61670 ms · 2026-05-10T10:06:05.417973+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Forward citations

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Reference graph

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