Flow-GRPO is the first online RL method for flow matching models, raising GenEval accuracy from 63% to 95% and text-rendering accuracy from 59% to 92% with little reward hacking.
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Aligning Text-to-Image Models using Human Feedback
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abstract
Deep generative models have shown impressive results in text-to-image synthesis. However, current text-to-image models often generate images that are inadequately aligned with text prompts. We propose a fine-tuning method for aligning such models using human feedback, comprising three stages. First, we collect human feedback assessing model output alignment from a set of diverse text prompts. We then use the human-labeled image-text dataset to train a reward function that predicts human feedback. Lastly, the text-to-image model is fine-tuned by maximizing reward-weighted likelihood to improve image-text alignment. Our method generates objects with specified colors, counts and backgrounds more accurately than the pre-trained model. We also analyze several design choices and find that careful investigations on such design choices are important in balancing the alignment-fidelity tradeoffs. Our results demonstrate the potential for learning from human feedback to significantly improve text-to-image models.
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representative citing papers
Introduces a state-aligned latent actor-critic framework that lets diffusion models act as their own timestep-conditioned value functions for trajectory-level RL post-training and inference steering.
DRM turns a pre-trained diffusion model into a step-wise reward model and uses it for dense RL training (Step-wise GRPO) and guided sampling to improve final image quality.
TRI-TSMC is a trust-region framework for learning twisting functions in SMC-based inference-time alignment of diffusion models that yields zero-variance samplers in theory and better alignment on text and image tasks under fixed budgets.
DEVIS-GRPO applies online policy gradients with an accumulative small-to-large view sampling strategy and multi-level rewards to improve trajectory-controlled extreme view video generation, reporting gains on Kubric-4D, iPhone, and DL3DV datasets.
CreFlow combines LTL compositional rewards with credit-aware NFT and corrective reflow losses in online RL to improve embodied video diffusion models, raising downstream task success by 23.8 percentage points on eight bimanual manipulation tasks.
A homotopy-plus-MCMC data-generation pipeline trains a mass-conditioned diffusion model that yields 40% more feasible initial costates and a better Pareto front for multiobjective indirect low-thrust transfers than adjoint-control-transformation baselines.
Hallo-Live achieves 20.38 FPS real-time text-to-audio-video avatar generation with 0.94s latency using asynchronous dual-stream diffusion and HP-DMD preference distillation, matching teacher model quality at 16x higher throughput.
GDMD replaces raw-sample rewards with distillation-gradient rewards in RL-guided diffusion distillation, yielding 4-step models that surpass their multi-step teachers on GenEval and human preference metrics.
MSDDA derives a closed-form optimal reverse denoising distribution for multi-objective diffusion alignment that is exactly equivalent to step-level RL fine-tuning with no approximation error.
SOLACE improves text-to-image generation by using intrinsic self-confidence rewards from noise reconstruction accuracy during reinforcement learning post-training without external supervision.
DiffusionNFT performs online RL for diffusion models on the forward process via flow matching and positive-negative contrasts, delivering up to 25x efficiency gains and rapid benchmark improvements over prior reverse-process methods.
MixGRPO speeds up GRPO for flow-based image generators by restricting SDE sampling and optimization to a sliding window while using ODE elsewhere, cutting training time by up to 71% with better alignment performance.
UnifiedReward is the first unified reward model that jointly assesses multimodal understanding and generation to provide better preference signals for aligning vision models via DPO.
PATHS applies parallel tempering to improve initial particle sampling for SMC reward alignment, yielding better results on layout-to-image and quantity-aware generation tasks.
Proportion of unsafe images in training data directly increases unsafe outputs in text-to-image models, independent of absolute count, with complementary risk reduction from safer text encoders.
RTDMD unifies KL minimization to a reward-tilted teacher into distribution matching plus reward terms, using AC-DMD in stage one and hybrid GRPO-style gradients plus SubGRPO in stage two to reach new SOTA on preference, aesthetic, and compositional metrics with 4-step generation on SD3, SD3.5, and F
AdvantageFlow proposes an advantage-weighted forward-process least-squares loss for RL in rectified flow models, stabilized by rollout policy regularization, and reports better image generation performance than Flow-GRPO on Stable Diffusion 3.5.
CPC-VAR adds Gradient-based Concept Neuron Selection for continual single-concept learning and a context-aware multi-branch composition strategy to reduce forgetting and entanglement in VAR-based personalized image generation.
Super-Linear Advantage Shaping (SLAS) introduces a non-linear geometric policy update for RL post-training of text-to-image models that reshapes the local policy space via advantage-dependent Fisher-Rao weighting to reduce reward hacking and improve performance over GRPO baselines.
dFlowGRPO is a new rate-aware RL method for discrete flow models that outperforms prior GRPO approaches on image generation and matches continuous flow models while supporting broad probability paths.
The work creates identity-consistent synthetic makeup data via ConsistentBeauty and adapts models to real images using reinforcement learning in RealBeauty, achieving better identity preservation and real-world performance than prior methods.
Response times modeled as drift-diffusion processes enable consistent estimation of population-average preferences from heterogeneous anonymous binary choices.
A threshold-guided alignment method lets visual generative models be optimized directly from scalar human ratings instead of requiring paired preference data.
citing papers explorer
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Flow-GRPO: Training Flow Matching Models via Online RL
Flow-GRPO is the first online RL method for flow matching models, raising GenEval accuracy from 63% to 95% and text-rendering accuracy from 59% to 92% with little reward hacking.
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Transfer Learning of Multiobjective Indirect Low-Thrust Trajectories Using Diffusion Models and Markov Chain Monte Carlo
A homotopy-plus-MCMC data-generation pipeline trains a mass-conditioned diffusion model that yields 40% more feasible initial costates and a better Pareto front for multiobjective indirect low-thrust transfers than adjoint-control-transformation baselines.
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Guiding Distribution Matching Distillation with Gradient-Based Reinforcement Learning
GDMD replaces raw-sample rewards with distillation-gradient rewards in RL-guided diffusion distillation, yielding 4-step models that surpass their multi-step teachers on GenEval and human preference metrics.
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DiffusionNFT: Online Diffusion Reinforcement with Forward Process
DiffusionNFT performs online RL for diffusion models on the forward process via flow matching and positive-negative contrasts, delivering up to 25x efficiency gains and rapid benchmark improvements over prior reverse-process methods.
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MixGRPO: Unlocking Flow-based GRPO Efficiency with Mixed ODE-SDE
MixGRPO speeds up GRPO for flow-based image generators by restricting SDE sampling and optimization to a sliding window while using ODE elsewhere, cutting training time by up to 71% with better alignment performance.
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Unified Reward Model for Multimodal Understanding and Generation
UnifiedReward is the first unified reward model that jointly assesses multimodal understanding and generation to provide better preference signals for aligning vision models via DPO.
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Power Reinforcement Post-Training of Text-to-Image Models with Super-Linear Advantage Shaping
Super-Linear Advantage Shaping (SLAS) introduces a non-linear geometric policy update for RL post-training of text-to-image models that reshapes the local policy space via advantage-dependent Fisher-Rao weighting to reduce reward hacking and improve performance over GRPO baselines.
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From Synthetic to Real: Toward Identity-Consistent Makeup Transfer with Synthetic and Real Data
The work creates identity-consistent synthetic makeup data via ConsistentBeauty and adapts models to real images using reinforcement learning in RealBeauty, achieving better identity preservation and real-world performance than prior methods.
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V-GRPO: Online Reinforcement Learning for Denoising Generative Models Is Easier than You Think
V-GRPO makes ELBO surrogates stable and efficient for online RL alignment of denoising models, delivering SOTA text-to-image performance with 2-3x speedups over MixGRPO and DiffusionNFT.
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FP4 Explore, BF16 Train: Diffusion Reinforcement Learning via Efficient Rollout Scaling
Sol-RL decouples FP4-based candidate exploration from BF16 policy optimization in diffusion RL, delivering up to 4.64x faster convergence with maintained or superior alignment performance on models like FLUX.1 and SD3.5.
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VideoPhy: Evaluating Physical Commonsense for Video Generation
VideoPhy benchmark shows state-of-the-art text-to-video models follow physical commonsense and text prompts in only 39.6% of cases for the best model.
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Human Preference Score v2: A Solid Benchmark for Evaluating Human Preferences of Text-to-Image Synthesis
HPD v2 is the largest human preference dataset for text-to-image images with 798k choices, and HPS v2 is the resulting CLIP-based scorer that better predicts human judgments and responds to model improvements.
- UDM-GRPO: Stable and Efficient Group Relative Policy Optimization for Uniform Discrete Diffusion Models