First mapping of the QCD critical surface in full (T, μ_B, μ_Q, μ_S) space via constant-entropy expansion gives a critical point at (114, 602) MeV in the pure baryon direction, with μ_B,c shifting 40-100 MeV in strangeness-neutral directions while remaining similar in charge-neutral ones.
Exploring the QCD phase diagram through correlations and fluctuations
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abstract
The exploration of the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) phase diagram is a central goal of relativistic heavy-ion collision experiments. This review focuses on the role of fluctuations and correlations as sensitive probes of the phase structure. We discuss theoretical advancements and experimental methodologies employed to map the QCD phase diagram, highlighting constraints derived from both lattice QCD calculations and existing experimental data. Key observables such as cumulants and factorial cumulants of conserved charges (e.g., net-proton, net-charge) are explored as promising signatures of phase transitions and the QCD critical point. We discuss how these quantities are measured experimentally and compared with theoretical predictions, addressing challenges and best practices for meaningful comparisons. Special attention is given to predictions and current experimental results at high baryon density, including recent findings from the STAR collaboration at RHIC. Finally, we identify open issues and future directions for fluctuation and correlation studies at lower collision energies, relevant for future measurements, for example by the CBM experiment.
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First measurements of pT correlations in Au+Au collisions at 3-7.7 GeV reveal non-monotonic energy dependence in central events with 5 sigma significance, breaking 1/sqrt(N_part) scaling.
Local baryon conservation in a canonical ensemble drives net-proton κ6/κ2 to small or negative values in restricted acceptance, establishing a baseline that must be subtracted before interpreting signals of chiral criticality.
A PINN-trained quasi-parton model reproduces lattice cumulants at vanishing chemical potentials and supplies a consistent four-dimensional QCD equation of state at finite densities.
The MUSES Calliope engine computes multi-dimensional QCD equations of state, merges them consistently, and feeds them into viscous hydrodynamic simulations of heavy-ion collisions with movable critical points and critical scaling in transport coefficients.
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Non-Monotonicity of Transverse Momentum Correlations in Au + Au Collisions at RHIC
First measurements of pT correlations in Au+Au collisions at 3-7.7 GeV reveal non-monotonic energy dependence in central events with 5 sigma significance, breaking 1/sqrt(N_part) scaling.
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Four-dimensional QCD equation of state from a quasi-parton model with physics-informed neural networks
A PINN-trained quasi-parton model reproduces lattice cumulants at vanishing chemical potentials and supplies a consistent four-dimensional QCD equation of state at finite densities.