Accounting for the minimal mass spread of primordial black holes from gravitational collapse suppresses the Poltergeist GW background to the level of generic scalar-induced signals and reopens ultra-light PBH parameter space.
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Gravitational wave astronomy with the SKA
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abstract
On a time scale of years to decades, gravitational wave (GW) astronomy will become a reality. Low frequency (nanoHz) GWs are detectable through long-term timing observations of the most stable pulsars. Radio observatories worldwide are currently carrying out observing programmes to detect GWs, with data sets being shared through the International Pulsar Timing Array project. One of the most likely sources of low frequency GWs are supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs), detectable as a background due to a large number of binaries, or as continuous or burst emission from individual sources. No GW signal has yet been detected, but stringent constraints are already being placed on galaxy evolution models. The SKA will bring this research to fruition. In this chapter, we describe how timing observations using SKA1 will contribute to detecting GWs, or can confirm a detection if a first signal already has been identified when SKA1 commences observations. We describe how SKA observations will identify the source(s) of a GW signal, search for anisotropies in the background, improve models of galaxy evolution, test theories of gravity, and characterise the early inspiral phase of a SMBHB system. We describe the impact of the large number of millisecond pulsars to be discovered by the SKA; and the observing cadence, observation durations, and instrumentation required to reach the necessary sensitivity. We describe the noise processes that will influence the achievable precision with the SKA. We assume a long-term timing programme using the SKA1-MID array and consider the implications of modifications to the current design. We describe the possible benefits from observations using SKA1-LOW. Finally, we describe GW detection prospects with SKA1 and SKA2, and end with a description of the expectations of GW astronomy.
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representative citing papers
For infinitely differentiable effective potentials describing the post-inflation transition, the regularized power spectrum of primary gravitational waves exhibits exponential suppression at small scales.
Bubble collisions in a seesaw model produce right-handed neutrinos that source novel gravitational waves detectable by LISA, ET, and LVK while allowing the lightest RHN to explain dark matter or enable leptogenesis.
Cross-correlating pulsar timing and polarimetry isolates the circular polarization of isotropic stochastic GW backgrounds and shares the Hellings-Downs angular pattern.
Defines peak-integrated sensitivity curves (PISCs) that fold in the expected spectral shape of gravitational waves from cosmological phase transitions and supplies semianalytical fits plus public data for major detectors.
Full numerical N-body treatment is required for reliable gravitational wave predictions from nonspherical collapse in early matter-dominated eras, with resulting spectra mappable to detector sensitivities via horizon mass and reheating temperature.
A full-covariance formalism for PTA-astrometry ORF estimators forecasts graviton-mass upper limits of 4.41e-24 eV/c2 for current-like setups and 0.48e-24 eV/c2 for SKA/Theia-like future setups, with astrometry adding significant power in the latter case.
Pulsar timing arrays can probe supermassive black hole binaries that merged prior to observations via the pulsar term, with SKA potentially detecting a few such zombie binaries at SNR > 3.
Incorporating the general-relativity mass tail df_PBH/d ln M ∝ M^3.78 smooths PBH evaporation, suppresses the scalar-induced GW signal by orders of magnitude, and reopens the ultra-light PBH window for the hot Big Bang.
Tensor perturbations from first-order phase transitions and domain wall annihilation induce curvature fluctuations at second order that form primordial black holes, allowing asteroid-mass PBHs to comprise all dark matter for specific parameter ranges with associated gravitational wave peaks in LISA,
Extends diagrammatic approach for scalar-induced gravitational waves to arbitrary-order local PNG, deriving semi-analytic spectra for energy density, anisotropies, bispectrum and trispectrum up to quartic terms.
Domain wall annihilation imprints a two-peaked spectrum on induced gravitational waves via an early matter-dominated phase and entropy dilution.
An improved Bogoliubov numerical method computes the full primordial GW spectrum from inflation to reheating and shows that inflaton anharmonicity imprints distinctive features at high frequencies.
Radiative barriers in SUSY flat directions enable supercooled PTs yielding Ω_GW h² up to ~3e-10 for M_λ̃/v_X in 0.05-0.23, with the hidden sector also reproducing Ω_CDM h²=0.12 for m_q ~30-800 keV.
Gravitino masses in the 100 TeV to 10^10 TeV range can be inferred from two frequency features in the stochastic gravitational wave spectrum produced by an early matter-dominated phase.
Adiabatic regularization combined with smoothed transitions suppresses the high-frequency oscillations in the power spectrum of primary gravitational waves about a zero mean.
Model-independent forecasts for the stochastic gravitational-wave background from ultralight dark matter decaying into gravitons and the sensitivity of current and future detectors to this signal.
In the minimal B-L gauge extension, Majorana neutrinos at high breaking scale produce flat GW spectra from cosmic strings, Dirac at low scale produce peaked spectra from first-order phase transitions, and pseudo-Dirac produce kink features from domain wall annihilation.
Phase transitions in dark sectors can generate CMB B-modes with amplitudes competitive with inflation but peaking at smaller angular scales.
Proposal for a μ-Hz space-based gravitational wave interferometer to observe massive black hole binaries in early inspiral and low-frequency galactic binaries.
Joint SKA PTA and astrometry analysis improves gravitational wave background detection sensitivity by 10-50%.
Kaniadakis entropic cosmology modifies early-universe dynamics and is constrained by its predictions for Starobinsky inflation and the primordial tensor spectrum using current CMB and gravitational-wave observations.
In a complex singlet model with dimension-five Yukawa couplings, current electron EDM bounds already restrict part of the parameter space where gravitational waves from CP domain wall collapse would be detectable.
Multi-band GW observations of PBHs can reduce H0 uncertainty to ≲2 km/s/Mpc (conservative) or O(0.1) km/s/Mpc (optimistic) via Fisher forecasts on M_PBH and f_PBH.
citing papers explorer
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Gravitational Waves from Black Hole Reheating: The Scalar-Induced Component
Accounting for the minimal mass spread of primordial black holes from gravitational collapse suppresses the Poltergeist GW background to the level of generic scalar-induced signals and reopens ultra-light PBH parameter space.
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Primary gravitational waves at high frequencies II: Emergence of the exponential cut-off in the power spectrum
For infinitely differentiable effective potentials describing the post-inflation transition, the regularized power spectrum of primary gravitational waves exhibits exponential suppression at small scales.
-
Cosmic Collider Gravitational Waves sourced by Right-handed Neutrino production from Bubbles: Testing Seesaw, Leptogenesis and Dark Matter
Bubble collisions in a seesaw model produce right-handed neutrinos that source novel gravitational waves detectable by LISA, ET, and LVK while allowing the lightest RHN to explain dark matter or enable leptogenesis.
-
Detecting Parity-Violating Gravitational Wave Backgrounds with Pulsar Polarization Arrays
Cross-correlating pulsar timing and polarimetry isolates the circular polarization of isotropic stochastic GW backgrounds and shares the Hellings-Downs angular pattern.
-
New Sensitivity Curves for Gravitational-Wave Signals from Cosmological Phase Transitions
Defines peak-integrated sensitivity curves (PISCs) that fold in the expected spectral shape of gravitational waves from cosmological phase transitions and supplies semianalytical fits plus public data for major detectors.
-
Gravitational wave emission from nonspherical collapse in an early matter-dominated era using N-body simulations
Full numerical N-body treatment is required for reliable gravitational wave predictions from nonspherical collapse in early matter-dominated eras, with resulting spectra mappable to detector sensitivities via horizon mass and reheating temperature.
-
Forecasting graviton-mass constraints from the full covariance of PTA-astrometry ORF estimators
A full-covariance formalism for PTA-astrometry ORF estimators forecasts graviton-mass upper limits of 4.41e-24 eV/c2 for current-like setups and 0.48e-24 eV/c2 for SKA/Theia-like future setups, with astrometry adding significant power in the latter case.
-
Probing Supermassive Black Hole Mergers with Pulsar Timing Arrays
Pulsar timing arrays can probe supermassive black hole binaries that merged prior to observations via the pulsar term, with SKA potentially detecting a few such zombie binaries at SNR > 3.
-
Opening the Window of Ultra-Light PBHs by Exorcising the Poltergeist
Incorporating the general-relativity mass tail df_PBH/d ln M ∝ M^3.78 smooths PBH evaporation, suppresses the scalar-induced GW signal by orders of magnitude, and reopens the ultra-light PBH window for the hot Big Bang.
-
Primordial Black Hole from Tensor-induced Density Fluctuation: First-order Phase Transitions and Domain Walls
Tensor perturbations from first-order phase transitions and domain wall annihilation induce curvature fluctuations at second order that form primordial black holes, allowing asteroid-mass PBHs to comprise all dark matter for specific parameter ranges with associated gravitational wave peaks in LISA,
-
Isotropy, anisotropies and non-Gaussianity in the scalar-induced gravitational-wave background: diagrammatic approach for primordial non-Gaussianity up to arbitrary order
Extends diagrammatic approach for scalar-induced gravitational waves to arbitrary-order local PNG, deriving semi-analytic spectra for energy density, anisotropies, bispectrum and trispectrum up to quartic terms.
-
Imprint of domain wall annihilation on induced gravitational waves
Domain wall annihilation imprints a two-peaked spectrum on induced gravitational waves via an early matter-dominated phase and entropy dilution.
-
A Unified Bogoliubov Approach to Primordial Gravitational Waves: From Inflation to Reheating
An improved Bogoliubov numerical method computes the full primordial GW spectrum from inflation to reheating and shows that inflaton anharmonicity imprints distinctive features at high frequencies.
-
Natural Supercooling and Reheating along Supersymmetric Flat Directions and Observable Gravitational Waves at the Einstein Telescope and the Cosmic Explorer
Radiative barriers in SUSY flat directions enable supercooled PTs yielding Ω_GW h² up to ~3e-10 for M_λ̃/v_X in 0.05-0.23, with the hidden sector also reproducing Ω_CDM h²=0.12 for m_q ~30-800 keV.
-
Whispers of Supergravity in Gravitational Wave Backgrounds: Determining the Gravitino Mass from Cosmic Thermal History
Gravitino masses in the 100 TeV to 10^10 TeV range can be inferred from two frequency features in the stochastic gravitational wave spectrum produced by an early matter-dominated phase.
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Primary gravitational waves at high frequencies I: Origin of suppression in the power spectrum
Adiabatic regularization combined with smoothed transitions suppresses the high-frequency oscillations in the power spectrum of primary gravitational waves about a zero mean.
-
Sensitivity forecasts for gravitational-wave detectors to dark matter decaying into gravitons
Model-independent forecasts for the stochastic gravitational-wave background from ultralight dark matter decaying into gravitons and the sensitivity of current and future detectors to this signal.
-
Gravitational Wave Signature and the Nature of Neutrino Masses: Majorana, Dirac, or Pseudo-Dirac?
In the minimal B-L gauge extension, Majorana neutrinos at high breaking scale produce flat GW spectra from cosmic strings, Dirac at low scale produce peaked spectra from first-order phase transitions, and pseudo-Dirac produce kink features from domain wall annihilation.
-
Observable CMB B-modes from Cosmological Phase Transitions
Phase transitions in dark sectors can generate CMB B-modes with amplitudes competitive with inflation but peaking at smaller angular scales.
-
Unveiling the Gravitational Universe at \mu-Hz Frequencies
Proposal for a μ-Hz space-based gravitational wave interferometer to observe massive black hole binaries in early inspiral and low-frequency galactic binaries.
-
Synergies Between Pulsar Timing Array and Astrometry
Joint SKA PTA and astrometry analysis improves gravitational wave background detection sensitivity by 10-50%.
-
Constraints on Kaniadakis Cosmology from Starobinsky Inflation and Primordial Tensor Perturbations
Kaniadakis entropic cosmology modifies early-universe dynamics and is constrained by its predictions for Starobinsky inflation and the primordial tensor spectrum using current CMB and gravitational-wave observations.
-
Gravitational waves from CP domain wall collapse and electron EDM in a complex singlet model with dimension-five Yukawa interactions
In a complex singlet model with dimension-five Yukawa couplings, current electron EDM bounds already restrict part of the parameter space where gravitational waves from CP domain wall collapse would be detectable.
-
Precision Analysis for $\boldsymbol{H_0}$ Using Upcoming Multi-band Gravitational Wave Observations
Multi-band GW observations of PBHs can reduce H0 uncertainty to ≲2 km/s/Mpc (conservative) or O(0.1) km/s/Mpc (optimistic) via Fisher forecasts on M_PBH and f_PBH.
- Irreducible Gravitational Wave Background as a Particle Detector