A triple-star channel with two common envelope evolution phases produces merging black hole binaries with positive average χ_eff and a tail of negative values.
Delayed explosions of red supergiants following 'failed' supernovae
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Higher-Mach-number self-similar shock solutions in failed supernovae are unstable and strengthen asymptotically above a critical neutrino mass-loss threshold, explaining greater ejection in red supergiants versus compact progenitors.
Depositing stellar luminosity in an inner shell and cooling low-density outer cells produces a stable pulsating 3D red supergiant model for common envelope simulations without relaxation.
Stellar evolution and atmosphere models predict black hole progenitors are predominantly hot and blue with a direct-collapse rate of ~0.4 per century in a 1 Msun/yr star-forming galaxy.
N6946-BH1's remnant is roughly 10 times fainter than its progenitor while stellar merger remnants are 10-100 times brighter, and asymmetric dust cannot explain the difference.
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Stellar black hole binaries from two common envelope evolution phases in triple stellar systems
A triple-star channel with two common envelope evolution phases produces merging black hole binaries with positive average χ_eff and a tail of negative values.