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arxiv: 2404.03000 · v1 · submitted 2024-04-03 · 🌌 astro-ph.CO

Recognition: 2 theorem links

· Lean Theorem

DESI 2024 III: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from Galaxies and Quasars

DESI Collaboration: A. G. Adame , J. Aguilar , S. Ahlen , S. Alam , D. M. Alexander , M. Alvarez , O. Alves , A. Anand
show 187 more authors
U. Andrade E. Armengaud S. Avila A. Aviles H. Awan S. Bailey C. Baltay A. Bault J. Behera S. BenZvi F. Beutler D. Bianchi C. Blake R. Blum S. Brieden A. Brodzeller D. Brooks E. Buckley-Geer E. Burtin R. Calderon R. Canning A. Carnero Rosell R. Cereskaite J. L. Cervantes-Cota S. Chabanier E. Chaussidon J. Chaves-Montero S. Chen X. Chen T. Claybaugh S. Cole A. Cuceu T. M. Davis K. Dawson A. de la Macorra A. de Mattia N. Deiosso A. Dey B. Dey Z. Ding P. Doel J. Edelstein S. Eftekharzadeh D. J. Eisenstein A. Elliott P. Fagrelius K. Fanning S. Ferraro J. Ereza N. Findlay B. Flaugher A. Font-Ribera D. Forero-S\'anchez J. E. Forero-Romero C. Garcia-Quintero E. Gazta\~naga H. Gil-Mar\'in S. Gontcho A Gontcho A. X. Gonzalez-Morales V. Gonzalez-Perez C. Gordon D. Green D. Gruen R. Gsponer G. Gutierrez J. Guy B. Hadzhiyska C. Hahn M. M. S Hanif H. K. Herrera-Alcantar K. Honscheid C. Howlett D. Huterer V. Ir\v{s}i\v{c} M. Ishak S. Juneau N. G. Kara\c{c}ayl{\i} R. Kehoe S. Kent D. Kirkby A. Kremin A. Krolewski Y. Lai T.-W. Lan M. Landriau D. Lang J. Lasker J.M. Le Goff L. Le Guillou A. Leauthaud M. E. Levi T. S. Li E. Linder K. Lodha C. Magneville M. Manera D. Margala P. Martini M. Maus P. McDonald L. Medina-Varela A. Meisner J. Mena-Fern\'andez R. Miquel J. Moon S. Moore J. Moustakas N. Mudur E. Mueller A. Mu\~noz-Guti\'errez A. D. Myers S. Nadathur L. Napolitano R. Neveux J. A. Newman N. M. Nguyen J. Nie G. Niz H. E. Noriega N. Padmanabhan E. Paillas N. Palanque-Delabrouille J. Pan S. Penmetsa W. J. Percival M. Pieri M. Pinon C. Poppett A. Porredon F. Prada A. P\'erez-Fern\'andez I. P\'erez-R\`afols D. Rabinowitz A. Raichoor C. Ram\'irez-P\'erez S. Ramirez-Solano M. Rashkovetskyi M. Rezaie J. Rich A. Rocher C. Rockosi N.A. Roe A. Rosado-Marin A. J. Ross G. Rossi R. Ruggeri V. Ruhlmann-Kleider L. Samushia E. Sanchez C. Saulder E. F. Schlafly D. Schlegel M. Schubnell H. Seo R. Sharples J. Silber A. Slosar A. Smith D. Sprayberry J. Swanson T. Tan G. Tarl\'e S. Trusov R. Vaisakh D. Valcin F. Valdes M. Vargas-Maga\~na L. Verde M. Walther B. Wang M. S. Wang B. A. Weaver N. Weaverdyck R. H. Wechsler D. H. Weinberg M. White J. Yu Y. Yu S. Yuan C. Y\`eche E. A. Zaborowski P. Zarrouk H. Zhang C. Zhao R. Zhao R. Zhou H. Zou
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Pith reviewed 2026-05-17 06:29 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.CO
keywords baryon acoustic oscillationsDESI surveygalaxy clusteringquasar redshiftscosmological distanceslarge-scale structureredshift binsdark energy
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The pith

DESI measures baryon acoustic oscillations to 0.52% combined precision across six redshift bins using 5.7 million galaxies and quasars.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper presents baryon acoustic oscillation measurements from the DESI survey based on more than 5.7 million galaxy and quasar redshifts spanning 0.1 to 2.1. The data are split into four tracer types and six redshift bins over a 7500 square degree area, yielding an effective survey volume of roughly 18 cubic gigaparsecs. The combined precision reaches 0.52 percent, a modest improvement on prior results, with clear BAO detections in every bin. The analysis applies blinded catalogs and mock tests to set fitting choices and error budgets, then converts the scales into distance measures for cosmological tests in a companion paper. A reader would care because these distances help map the expansion history and test models of dark energy at intermediate redshifts.

Core claim

The DESI 2024 analysis measures the BAO scale in six redshift bins using 300,017 bright galaxies at 0.1<z<0.4, 2.1 million luminous red galaxies at 0.4<z<1.1, 2.4 million emission line galaxies at 0.8<z<1.6, and 857,000 quasars at 0.8<z<2.1. After improvements to the fitting and reconstruction pipeline and tests on mocks plus blinded data, the combined precision across bins is 0.52 percent. The BAO feature is detected in all six bins, reaching 9.1 sigma at effective redshift 0.93. The measured scales are systematically larger than the Planck-2018 LCDM prediction below z=0.8. The results supply transverse comoving and radial Hubble distances for further cosmological work.

What carries the argument

Baryon acoustic oscillation scale measured via the two-point clustering of galaxies and quasars after reconstruction, serving as a standard ruler whose apparent size yields distance constraints at each redshift.

If this is right

  • The BAO scales convert directly into measurements of transverse comoving distance and radial Hubble distance at the six effective redshifts.
  • These distance measurements are passed to a companion paper to constrain cosmological parameters including the dark energy equation of state.
  • Reprocessing earlier SDSS BOSS and eBOSS data with the updated DESI pipeline produces results consistent with the systematic uncertainties originally quoted by those surveys.
  • Combining multiple tracer populations within the same redshift range tightens the overall BAO constraints beyond any single population.
  • The pipeline refinements in reconstruction and fitting reduce dependence on ad-hoc choices and improve physical interpretability of the results.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The reported offset from Planck LCDM predictions at z less than 0.8 could be explored by cross-checking against independent low-redshift distance indicators such as supernovae or gravitational lenses.
  • Future surveys that enlarge the volume by another factor of a few could push the combined BAO precision below 0.3 percent, offering a strong test of whether the current mild tension with early-universe predictions persists.
  • The multi-tracer approach demonstrated here suggests that cross-correlations between different galaxy populations could further suppress sample variance in next-generation analyses.
  • Extending the blinded-analysis protocol to even larger data sets would help maintain control over confirmation bias as statistical power grows.

Load-bearing premise

The mock catalogs used to choose the BAO fitting method and set systematic error sizes faithfully reproduce every relevant observational effect present in the actual DESI data.

What would settle it

An independent analysis or new mocks that find the true systematic uncertainties are substantially larger than the values adopted here would show that the quoted 0.52 percent combined precision cannot be sustained.

read the original abstract

We present the DESI 2024 galaxy and quasar baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) measurements using over 5.7 million unique galaxy and quasar redshifts in the range 0.1<z<2.1. Divided by tracer type, we utilize 300,017 galaxies from the magnitude-limited Bright Galaxy Survey with 0.1<z<0.4, 2,138,600 Luminous Red Galaxies with 0.4<z<1.1, 2,432,022 Emission Line Galaxies with 0.8<z<1.6, and 856,652 quasars with 0.8<z<2.1, over a ~7,500 square degree footprint. The analysis was blinded at the catalog-level to avoid confirmation bias. All fiducial choices of the BAO fitting and reconstruction methodology, as well as the size of the systematic errors, were determined on the basis of the tests with mock catalogs and the blinded data catalogs. We present several improvements to the BAO analysis pipeline, including enhancing the BAO fitting and reconstruction methods in a more physically-motivated direction, and also present results using combinations of tracers. We present a re-analysis of SDSS BOSS and eBOSS results applying the improved DESI methodology and find scatter consistent with the level of the quoted SDSS theoretical systematic uncertainties. With the total effective survey volume of ~ 18 Gpc$^3$, the combined precision of the BAO measurements across the six different redshift bins is ~0.52%, marking a 1.2-fold improvement over the previous state-of-the-art results using only first-year data. We detect the BAO in all of these six redshift bins. The highest significance of BAO detection is $9.1\sigma$ at the effective redshift of 0.93, with a constraint of 0.86% placed on the BAO scale. We find our measurements are systematically larger than the prediction of Planck-2018 LCDM model at z<0.8. We translate the results into transverse comoving distance and radial Hubble distance measurements, which are used to constrain cosmological models in our companion paper [abridged].

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents DESI 2024 BAO measurements from over 5.7 million galaxy and quasar redshifts (BGS, LRG, ELG, QSO tracers) spanning 0.1 < z < 2.1 over ~7500 deg². The analysis is blinded at the catalog level; all fiducial choices for BAO fitting, reconstruction, and systematic-error sizes were fixed using mock catalogs and blinded data. Pipeline improvements are described, a re-analysis of SDSS BOSS/eBOSS data with the new methodology is shown to yield scatter consistent with quoted theoretical systematics, and the combined BAO precision across six redshift bins is reported as ~0.52% (1.2× improvement over first-year results), with BAO detected in every bin (maximum 9.1σ at z_eff=0.93). Measurements are found to lie systematically above the Planck-2018 ΛCDM prediction at z<0.8; the derived D_M(z) and H(z) constraints are passed to a companion cosmology paper.

Significance. If the central results hold, this constitutes a major step forward in BAO cosmology: the ~18 Gpc³ effective volume and blinded, mock-validated pipeline deliver the tightest multi-tracer BAO constraints to date, with direct implications for expansion-history tests and the noted low-z tension with Planck. The catalog-level blinding and the SDSS re-analysis are explicit strengths that reduce confirmation bias and provide an internal consistency check.

major comments (1)
  1. [Sections describing BAO fitting, reconstruction, and systematic error budget (around §4–§6)] The headline 0.52% combined precision and the statement that BAO is detected in all six bins rest on the systematic-error budget and fiducial reconstruction/fitting parameters having been correctly determined from the mocks. The manuscript states these choices were finalized before unblinding and that the SDSS re-analysis is consistent with theoretical systematics, but does not report a direct external cross-check (e.g., against an independent, non-DESI BAO scale with known systematics) that would close the loop on possible unmodeled real-data effects (residual fiber collisions, redshift-failure correlations, or imaging-depth variations) that could shift the BAO scale. This is load-bearing for the quoted precision and detection significances.
minor comments (3)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract would benefit from explicitly listing the six effective redshifts and the per-bin statistical-plus-systematic uncertainties to allow immediate assessment of the combined 0.52% figure.
  2. [Figures presenting BAO measurements] In the figures showing BAO scale constraints versus redshift, distinguish statistical and systematic error bars clearly and state whether the plotted points include the full covariance.
  3. [Results section] A short table summarizing the tracer-specific number densities, effective volumes, and individual BAO significances would improve readability.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading and for acknowledging the strengths of the catalog-level blinding and the SDSS re-analysis. We address the single major comment below, clarifying our validation strategy and indicating where the manuscript has been revised.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Sections describing BAO fitting, reconstruction, and systematic error budget (around §4–§6)] The headline 0.52% combined precision and the statement that BAO is detected in all six bins rest on the systematic-error budget and fiducial reconstruction/fitting parameters having been correctly determined from the mocks. The manuscript states these choices were finalized before unblinding and that the SDSS re-analysis is consistent with theoretical systematics, but does not report a direct external cross-check (e.g., against an independent, non-DESI BAO scale with known systematics) that would close the loop on possible unmodeled real-data effects (residual fiber collisions, redshift-failure correlations, or imaging-depth variations) that could shift the BAO scale. This is load-bearing for the quoted precision and detection significances.

    Authors: We agree that robust validation of the systematic-error budget is essential for the quoted precision. All fiducial choices for fitting, reconstruction, and systematic-error sizes were fixed using mocks and blinded data prior to unblinding, as stated. The re-analysis of SDSS BOSS/eBOSS data with the DESI pipeline provides a direct consistency check against an independent dataset whose own systematics (including fiber collisions and redshift failures) are well documented in the literature; the observed scatter lies within the quoted theoretical uncertainties. While a side-by-side comparison of DESI BAO scales to those from a completely separate survey is not included, such a comparison would be complicated by differing window functions, selection effects, and analysis choices. We have added a new paragraph in §6 that explicitly frames the SDSS re-analysis as the requested external cross-check, discusses the expected size of residual real-data effects based on mock tests and tracer-consistency checks, and notes that any unmodeled shift large enough to affect the 0.52% precision would have produced detectable inconsistencies in the SDSS comparison or across DESI tracers. We believe these additions close the loop without requiring new external data. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

BAO scales extracted directly from observed clustering; no reduction to inputs by construction

full rationale

The core measurements consist of fitting the BAO scale parameter to the two-point correlation functions or power spectra computed from the actual DESI galaxy and quasar catalogs. Fiducial choices for the fitting and reconstruction pipeline plus systematic error budgets were fixed using mock catalogs and blinded data prior to unblinding, but the fitted alpha values and detection significances are driven by the real-data clustering statistics themselves. Post-measurement comparisons to Planck LCDM and the re-analysis of external SDSS data are presented after the fact and do not enter the extraction pipeline. No step equates a claimed result to a fitted input or self-citation by definition; the derivation remains self-contained against the observed survey data.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the assumption that the BAO feature remains a reliable standard ruler after reconstruction and that mock catalogs capture the dominant systematics; no new physical entities are introduced.

free parameters (1)
  • BAO dilation parameters (alpha, epsilon) per redshift bin
    Fitted to the observed power spectrum or correlation function in each of the six bins to extract the BAO scale.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption The sound horizon scale at recombination provides a fixed comoving ruler whose evolution is governed by standard cosmology.
    Invoked when converting measured BAO scales into distance measures.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 6817 in / 1396 out tokens · 49564 ms · 2026-05-17T06:29:49.122187+00:00 · methodology

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Forward citations

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