RL on binary rewards boosts LLM factual recall by ~27% relative across models by redistributing probability mass to latent correct answers rather than acquiring new knowledge.
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Scaling relationship on learning mathematical reasoning with large language models
18 Pith papers cite this work. Polarity classification is still indexing.
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POPO uses bounded importance sampling on positive rollouts and a siamese policy network to achieve implicit negative gradients and stable optimization, matching or exceeding GRPO on math benchmarks such as 36.67% on AIME 2025.
Reference-sampled weighted SFT with prompt-normalized Boltzmann weights induces the same policy as fixed-reference KL-regularized RLVR, with BOLT as the estimator and a finite one-shot error decomposition separating coverage, variance, and other terms.
Small 7B reasoning models were fine-tuned on synthetic and curated QFT problems using RL and SFT, yielding performance gains, error analysis, and public release of data and traces.
Step Rejection Fine-Tuning masks loss on erroneous steps identified by a critic LLM in unresolved trajectories, raising SWE-bench Verified resolution rate by 3.7% to 32.2% versus 2.4% for trajectory-level rejection.
CauSim turns scarce causal reasoning labels into scalable supervised data by having LLMs incrementally construct complex executable structural causal models.
RL for LLM reasoning acts as sparse policy selection at high-entropy tokens already present in the base model, enabling ReasonMaxxer—an efficient contrastive method that recovers most RL gains at three orders of magnitude lower cost.
S^3-R1 generates synthetic intermediate-difficulty multi-hop questions and applies dense rewards for search quality plus answer correctness, yielding up to 10% better out-of-domain generalization than baselines.
Reinforcement fine-tuning calibration makes LLM distillability adjustable, allowing optimized knowledge transfer or model IP safeguards via a combined task-KL-calibration objective.
An empirical evaluation of 22 agentic frameworks on BBH, GSM8K, and ARC benchmarks shows stable performance in 12 frameworks but highlights orchestration failures and weaker mathematical reasoning.
Lightning OPD is an offline on-policy distillation method that matches standard OPD performance at 4x efficiency by enforcing teacher consistency between SFT and distillation phases.
SAM 3D reconstructs 3D objects from single images with geometry, texture, and pose using human-model annotated data at scale and synthetic-to-real training, achieving 5:1 human preference wins.
Search-o1 integrates agentic retrieval-augmented generation and a Reason-in-Documents module into large reasoning models to dynamically supply missing knowledge and improve performance on complex science, math, coding, and QA tasks.
StarCoder2-15B matches or beats CodeLlama-34B on code tasks despite being smaller, and StarCoder2-3B outperforms prior 15B models, with open weights and exact training data identifiers released.
Bootstrapping math questions via rewriting creates MetaMathQA; fine-tuning LLaMA-2 on it yields 66.4% on GSM8K for 7B and 82.3% for 70B, beating prior same-size models by large margins.
Treating language as a latent variable via polyGRPO RL improves Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct by 6.72% on English reasoning benchmarks and 6.89% on multilingual ones, with cross-task gains on commonsense reasoning from math-only training.
H-probes locate low-dimensional subspaces encoding hierarchy in LLM activations for synthetic tree tasks, show causal importance and generalization, and detect weaker signals in mathematical reasoning traces.
PsychAgent combines memory-augmented planning, trajectory-based skill evolution, and rejection fine-tuning to create a self-improving AI psychological counselor that outperforms general LLMs in multi-session evaluations.
citing papers explorer
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Beyond Reasoning: Reinforcement Learning Unlocks Parametric Knowledge in LLMs
RL on binary rewards boosts LLM factual recall by ~27% relative across models by redistributing probability mass to latent correct answers rather than acquiring new knowledge.
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Beyond Negative Rollouts: Positive-Only Policy Optimization with Implicit Negative Gradients
POPO uses bounded importance sampling on positive rollouts and a siamese policy network to achieve implicit negative gradients and stable optimization, matching or exceeding GRPO on math benchmarks such as 36.67% on AIME 2025.
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Reference-Sampled Boltzmann Projection for KL-Regularized RLVR: Target-Matched Weighted SFT, Finite One-Shot Gaps, and Policy Mirror Descent
Reference-sampled weighted SFT with prompt-normalized Boltzmann weights induces the same policy as fixed-reference KL-regularized RLVR, with BOLT as the estimator and a finite one-shot error decomposition separating coverage, variance, and other terms.
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Fine-Tuning Small Reasoning Models for Quantum Field Theory
Small 7B reasoning models were fine-tuned on synthetic and curated QFT problems using RL and SFT, yielding performance gains, error analysis, and public release of data and traces.
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Step Rejection Fine-Tuning: A Practical Distillation Recipe
Step Rejection Fine-Tuning masks loss on erroneous steps identified by a critic LLM in unresolved trajectories, raising SWE-bench Verified resolution rate by 3.7% to 32.2% versus 2.4% for trajectory-level rejection.
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CauSim: Scaling Causal Reasoning with Increasingly Complex Causal Simulators
CauSim turns scarce causal reasoning labels into scalable supervised data by having LLMs incrementally construct complex executable structural causal models.
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Rethinking RL for LLM Reasoning: It's Sparse Policy Selection, Not Capability Learning
RL for LLM reasoning acts as sparse policy selection at high-entropy tokens already present in the base model, enabling ReasonMaxxer—an efficient contrastive method that recovers most RL gains at three orders of magnitude lower cost.
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$S^3$-R1: Learning to Retrieve and Answer Step-by-Step with Synthetic Data
S^3-R1 generates synthetic intermediate-difficulty multi-hop questions and applies dense rewards for search quality plus answer correctness, yielding up to 10% better out-of-domain generalization than baselines.
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Distillation Traps and Guards: A Calibration Knob for LLM Distillability
Reinforcement fine-tuning calibration makes LLM distillability adjustable, allowing optimized knowledge transfer or model IP safeguards via a combined task-KL-calibration objective.
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Agentic Frameworks for Reasoning Tasks: An Empirical Study
An empirical evaluation of 22 agentic frameworks on BBH, GSM8K, and ARC benchmarks shows stable performance in 12 frameworks but highlights orchestration failures and weaker mathematical reasoning.
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Lightning OPD: Efficient Post-Training for Large Reasoning Models with Offline On-Policy Distillation
Lightning OPD is an offline on-policy distillation method that matches standard OPD performance at 4x efficiency by enforcing teacher consistency between SFT and distillation phases.
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Language as a Latent Variable for Reasoning Optimization
Treating language as a latent variable via polyGRPO RL improves Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct by 6.72% on English reasoning benchmarks and 6.89% on multilingual ones, with cross-task gains on commonsense reasoning from math-only training.
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H-Probes: Extracting Hierarchical Structures From Latent Representations of Language Models
H-probes locate low-dimensional subspaces encoding hierarchy in LLM activations for synthetic tree tasks, show causal importance and generalization, and detect weaker signals in mathematical reasoning traces.
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PsychAgent: An Experience-Driven Lifelong Learning Agent for Self-Evolving Psychological Counselor
PsychAgent combines memory-augmented planning, trajectory-based skill evolution, and rejection fine-tuning to create a self-improving AI psychological counselor that outperforms general LLMs in multi-session evaluations.